Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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xContents5.3.7 Performance 2715.4 Future Mobile Communications Concepts and Field Trials 2765.4.1 Objectives 2765.4.2 Network Topology and Basic Concept 2765.4.3 Experiments and Field Trials 2765.4.4 VSF-OFCDM Access Scheme 2775.4.5 System Parameters 2785.5 Wireless Local Area Networks 2835.5.1 Network Topology 2835.5.2 Channel Characteristics 2835.5.3 IEEE 802.11a 2845.5.4 Transmission Performance 2865.6 Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-RCT 2875.6.1 Network Topology 2885.6.2 Channel Characteristics 2905.6.3 Multi-Carrier Uplink Transmission 2905.6.4 Transmission Performance 296References 2976 Additional Techniques for Capacity and Flexibility Enhancement 3016.1 Introduction 3016.2 MIMO Overview 3026.2.1 BLAST Architecture 3036.2.2 Space–Time Coding 3046.2.3 Achievable Capacity 3076.3 Diversity Techniques for Multi-Carrier Transmission 3086.3.1 Transmit Diversity 3086.3.2 Receive Diversity 3136.3.3 Transmit/Receive Diversity Performance Analysis 3146.3.4 Space–Frequency Block Codes (SFBC) 3176.3.5 SFBC Performance Analysis 3196.4 Spatial Pre-Coding for Multi-Carrier Transmission 3216.4.1 Spatial Phase Coding (SPC) 3236.4.2 Selection Diversity (SD) 3256.4.3 Equal Gain Transmission (EGT) 3266.4.4 Maximum Ratio Transmission (MRT) 3266.4.5 Performance Analysis 3266.5 Software-Defined Radio 3316.5.1 General 3326.5.2 Basic Concept 3336.5.3 MC-CDMA-Based Software-Defined Radio 335References 337Definitions, Abbreviations, and Symbols 339Definitions 339Abbreviations 342Symbols 349Index 353
ForewordThis book discusses multi-carrier modulation and spread spectrum techniques, recognizedas the most promising candidate modulation methods for the 4th generation (4G) ofmobile communications systems. The authors of this book were the first to propose MC-CDMA for the next generation of mobile communications, and are still continuing theircontribution towards beyond 3G. Considering the requirements of 4G systems, multicarrierand spread spectrum systems appear to be the most suitable as they provide higherflexibility, higher transmission rates, and frequency usage efficiency. This is the first bookon these methods, providing the reader with the fundamentals of the technologies involvedand the related applications.The book deals with the principles through definitions of basic technologies and themultipath channel over which the signals are transmitted. It defines MC-CDMA as a frequencyPN pattern and MC-DS-CDMA as a straight extension of DS-CDMA; and arguesthat these twin asymmetric technologies are most suitable for 4G since MC-CDMA issuitable for the downlink and MC-DS-CDMA is suitable for the uplink in the cellularsystems. Although MC-CDMA performs better than MC-DS-CDMA, it needs chip synchronizationbetween users, and is therefore difficult to deploy in the uplink. Thus, forthis asymmetric structure it is very important to understand the multi-carrier spread spectrummethods. Hybrid multiple access schemes like Multi-Carrier FDMA, Multi-CarrierTDMA, and Ultra Wide Band systems are discussed as more extended systems. Implementationissues, including synchronization, channel estimation, and RF issues, are alsodiscussed in depth. Wireless local area networks, broadcasting transmission, and cellularmobile radio are shown to realize seamless networking for 4G. Although cellular systemshave not yet been combined with other wireless networks, different wireless systemsshould be seamlessly combined. The last part of this book discusses capacity and flexibilityenhancement technologies like diversity techniques, space–time/frequency coding,and SDR (Software Defined Radio).This book greatly assists not only theoretical researchers but also practicing engineersof the next generation of mobile communications systems.Prof. Masao NakagawaDepartment of Information and Computer ScienceKeio University, Japan
Page 2: Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
Page 6 and 7: This edition first published 2008©
Page 11: Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
Page 17 and 18: Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
Page 19: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 22 and 23: 2 Introductionambitious technologic
Page 24 and 25: 4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
Page 26 and 27: 6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
Page 28 and 29: 8 Introductiona high immunity again
Page 30 and 31: 10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
Page 32 and 33: 12 Introductionand interactive mult
Page 34 and 35: 14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
Page 36 and 37: 16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
Page 38 and 39: 18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
Page 40 and 41: 20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
Page 42 and 43: 22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
Page 44 and 45: 24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
Page 46 and 47: 26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
Page 48 and 49: 28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
Page 50 and 51: 30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
Page 52 and 53: 32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
Page 54 and 55: 34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
Page 56 and 57: 36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
Page 58 and 59: 38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
Page 60 and 61: 40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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