Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Sampling rateAGC130 Implementation IssuesTxdataTransmitter, TxChannelencoderInterleaver& MapperSpreader(only forMC-SS)FramingOFDMD/AAnalogfront endChannelRxdataChanneldecoderDemapper& Deinterl.Channel state information (CSI)Despreader(only forMC-SS)DeframingIOFDM A/D Analogfront endWindowDigitalVCOReceiver, RxChannelestimationFrequency and timesynchronizationFigure 4-1General PHY block diagram of a multi-carrier transceiverIn Chapter 2 the different de-spreading and detection strategies for MC-SS systemswere analysed. It was shown that with an appropriate detection strategy, especially in fullload conditions (where all users are active), a high system capacity can be achieved. In theperformance analysis in Chapter 2 we assumed that the modem is perfectly synchronizedand the channel is perfectly known at the receiver.The principal goal of this chapter is to describe in detail the remaining componentsof a multi-carrier transmission scheme with or without spreading. The focus is givento multi-carrier modulation/demodulation, digital I/Q generation, sampling, channel coding/decoding,framing/de-framing, synchronization, and channel estimation mechanisms.Especially for synchronization and channel estimation units the effects of the transceiverimperfections (i.e. frequency drift, imperfect sampling time, phase noise) are highlighted.Finally, the effects of the amplifier non-linearity in multi-carrier transmission are analyzed.4.1 Multi-Carrier Modulation and DemodulationAfter symbol mapping (e.g. M-QAM) and spreading (in MC-SS), each block of N ccomplex-valued symbols is serial-to-parallel (S/P) converted and submitted to the multicarriermodulator, where the symbols are transmitted simultaneously on N c parallel subcarriers,each occupying a small fraction (1/N c ) of the total available bandwidth B.Figure 4-2 shows the block diagram of a multi-carrier transmitter. The transmittedbaseband signal is given bys(t) = 1 N c+∞ ∑N∑c −1i=−∞ n=0d n,i g(t − iT s )e j2πf nt , (4.1)
Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodulation 131Pulseshaping g(t)exp(j2pf 0 t)MappingS/PPulseshaping g(t)...exp(j2pf 1 t)+s(t)exp(j2pf c t)s RF (t)Pulseshaping g(t)exp(j2pf Nc−1 t)Figure 4-2Block diagram of a multi-carrier transmitterwhere N c is the number of sub-carriers, 1/T s is the symbol rate associated with eachsub-carrier, g(t) is the impulse response of the transmitter filters, d n,i is the complexconstellation symbol, and f n is the frequency of sub-carrier n. We assume that the subcarriersare equally spaced, i.e.f n = n T s, n = 0,...,N c − 1. (4.2)The up-converted transmitted RF signal S RF (t) can be expressed by{S RF (t) = 1 +∞}∑N∑c −1Red n,i g(t − iT s )e j2π(f n+f c )tN ci=−∞ n=0= Re{s(t) e j2πf ct } (4.3)where f c is the carrier frequency.As shown in Figure 4-3, at the receiver side after down-conversion of the RF signalr RF (t), a bank of N c matched filters is required to demodulate all sub-carriers. Thereceived basedband signal after demodulation and filtering and before sampling at subcarrierfrequency f m is given byr m (t) = [r(t) e −j2πfmt ] ⊗ h(t)[ +∞]∑N∑c −1=d n,i g(t − iT s )e j2π(f n−f m )t⊗ h(t), (4.4)i=−∞ n=0where h(t) is the impulse response of the receiver filter, which is matched to the transmitterfilter (i.e. h(t) = g ∗ (−t)). The symbol ⊗ indicates the convolution operation. Forsimplicity, the received signal is given in the absence of fading and noise. After sampling
Page 2:
Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
Page 6 and 7:
This edition first published 2008©
Page 11 and 12:
Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
Page 13:
ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
Page 17 and 18:
Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
Page 19:
AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 22 and 23:
2 Introductionambitious technologic
Page 24 and 25:
4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
Page 26 and 27:
6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
Page 28 and 29:
8 Introductiona high immunity again
Page 30 and 31:
10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
Page 32 and 33:
12 Introductionand interactive mult
Page 34 and 35:
14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
Page 36 and 37:
16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
Page 38 and 39:
18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
Page 40 and 41:
20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
Page 42 and 43:
22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
Page 44 and 45:
24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
Page 46 and 47:
26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
Page 48 and 49:
28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
Page 50 and 51:
30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
Page 52 and 53:
32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
Page 54 and 55:
34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
Page 56 and 57:
36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
Page 58 and 59:
38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
Page 60 and 61:
40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
Page 62 and 63:
42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
Page 64 and 65:
44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
Page 66 and 67:
46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
Page 68 and 69:
{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
Page 70 and 71:
50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
Page 72 and 73:
52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
Page 75 and 76:
2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
Page 77 and 78:
MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
Page 79 and 80:
MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
Page 81 and 82:
MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
Page 83 and 84:
MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
Page 85 and 86:
MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
Page 87 and 88:
MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
Page 89 and 90:
MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
Page 91 and 92:
MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
Page 93 and 94:
MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
Page 95 and 96:
MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
Page 97 and 98:
MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
Page 99 and 100: MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
Page 101 and 102: MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
Page 103 and 104: MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
Page 105 and 106: MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
Page 107 and 108: MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
Page 109 and 110: MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
Page 111 and 112: MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
Page 113 and 114: MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
Page 115 and 116: MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
Page 117 and 118: MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
Page 119 and 120: MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
Page 121 and 122: References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
Page 123: References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
Page 126 and 127: 106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
Page 128 and 129: 108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
Page 130 and 131: 110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
Page 132 and 133: 112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
Page 134 and 135: 114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
Page 136 and 137: 116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
Page 140 and 141: 120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
Page 142 and 143: 122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
Page 146 and 147: 126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
Page 149: 4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
Page 153 and 154: Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
Page 159 and 160: Synchronization 139The performance
Page 161 and 162: Synchronization 141null symbol as a
Page 163 and 164: Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
Page 165 and 166: Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
Page 167 and 168: Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
Page 169 and 170: Synchronization 149the timing error
Page 171 and 172: Synchronization 151A first simple s
Page 173 and 174: Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
Page 175 and 176: Channel Estimation 155Special cases
Page 177 and 178: Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
Page 179 and 180: Channel Estimation 159by the second
Page 181 and 182: Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
Page 183 and 184: Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
Page 185 and 186: Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
Page 187 and 188: Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
Page 189 and 190: Channel Estimation 169in order to r
Page 191 and 192: Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
Page 193 and 194: Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
Page 195 and 196: Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
Page 197 and 198: Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
Page 199 and 200: Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
Page 201 and 202:
Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
Page 203 and 204:
Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
Page 205 and 206:
Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
Page 207 and 208:
Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
Page 209 and 210:
Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
Page 211 and 212:
Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
Page 213 and 214:
RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
Page 215 and 216:
RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
Page 217 and 218:
RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
Page 219 and 220:
RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
Page 221 and 222:
RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
Page 223 and 224:
RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
Page 225 and 226:
RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
Page 227 and 228:
RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
Page 229 and 230:
RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
Page 231 and 232:
References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
Page 233 and 234:
References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
Page 235 and 236:
5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
Page 237 and 238:
Introduction 217high speed as well
Page 239 and 240:
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
Page 241 and 242:
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
Page 243 and 244:
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
Page 249 and 250:
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
Page 259 and 260:
WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
Page 261 and 262:
WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
Page 263 and 264:
WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
Page 265 and 266:
WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
Page 267 and 268:
WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
Page 269 and 270:
WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 271 and 272:
WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
Page 273 and 274:
WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
Page 275 and 276:
WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
Page 277 and 278:
WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
Page 279 and 280:
WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
Page 281 and 282:
ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
Page 283 and 284:
WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
Page 285 and 286:
WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
Page 287 and 288:
WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 289 and 290:
WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
Page 291 and 292:
WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
Page 293 and 294:
WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
Page 295 and 296:
WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
Page 297 and 298:
Future Mobile Communications Concep
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
Page 305 and 306:
Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
Page 307 and 308:
Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
References 297Table 5-58Parameters
Page 319:
References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
Page 322 and 323:
302 Additional Techniques for Capac
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Page 370 and 371:
350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
Page 373 and 374:
Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
Page 375 and 376:
Index 355Forward error correction (
Page 377 and 378:
Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
Page 379 and 380:
Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
show all

Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?