Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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354 IndexChannel state information (CSI) 190,207Channel transfer function 16–17, 25Check nodes 184Chips 38, 55Clock error 143Code division multiple access (CDMA)5–6, 36–41, 106Code division multiplexing (CDM)106, 186–187Coding (FEC) for packet transmission174CODIT 45Coherence bandwidth 26Coherence time 27Combined equalization 75–76Common phase error (CPE) correction196–197Complexity of FFT 134Concatenated coding 175–178Constellation 187–189Convergence sub-layer 244Convolutional coding (FEC) 175–180COST channel models 20–21Crest factor 60Cyclic delay diversity (CDD) 227, 311Cyclic extension 31Decision directed channel estimation168–169Delay diversity 308–309, 314Delay power density spectrum 17Delay spread 17–18Demapping 189–190Detection techniques 64–71Multi-user detection 67–71Single-user detection 64–67DFT-spread OFDM 116–118, 227–228Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) 3Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) 8,35, 216Digital signal processor (DSP) 334Digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion135–136Digital video broadcasting (DVB-T) 8,35, 216, 288Direct current (DC) sub-carrier134–135Direct sequences CDMA (DS-CDMA)38–42Receiver 40–41Transmitter 40Discontinuous Doppler diversity 313Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)31–34, 134Distributed DFT-spread OFDM116–118Diversity 26–28, 301Diversity in multi-carrier transmission308–320Frequency diversity 26, 301Receive diversity 313–314Time diversity 27, 301Transmit diversity 308–313Doppler diversity 312–313Doppler frequency 17–18Doppler power density spectrum 18Doppler spread 16, 18DVB return channel (DVB-RCT)287–297Channel characteristics 290FEC coding and modulation294–295Frame structure 292–294Link budget 296–297Network topology 288–290Equal gain combining (EGC) 65–66Equal gain transmission (EGT) 74, 326Equalization 64–67, 72–76, 189–190Euclidean distance 67EV-DO 4, 42–44Fast Fourier transform (FFT) 31–32,133–134Complexity 134Field programmable gate array (FPGA)334Filter design 159–160Adaptive 159Non-adaptive 160Flexibility with MC-CDMA 81–84
Index 355Forward error correction (FEC)174–186, 222–223, 228–229, 262,285–286, 294–295Fourier codes 58–59Fourier transform 30–32, 133–134Fourth generation (4G) 6, 219, 276,301Frequency diversity 26, 301Frequency division duplex (FDD)105–106Frequency division multiple access(FDMA) 5, 105–106Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)105Frequency error 141–143Frequency hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA)38Frequency hopping OFDMA 111–112Frequency synchronization 151–154Coarse frequency synchronization151–153CAZAC/M sequence 152Schmidl and Cox 152–153Fine frequency synchronization153–154Galois field 176Generalized pre-equalization 76General packet radio service (GPRS) 2Generator polynomial 175–176, 181Global system for mobilecommunications (GSM) 2–3Golay code 59Gold code 59Guard interval/time 31–32, 56, 133Hadamard matrix 58Hamming codes 181High power amplifier (HPA) models199–200Solid state power amplifier (SSPA)200Traveling wave tube amplifier(TWTA) 199–200High speed downlink packet access(HSDPA) 3, 218High speed packet access (HSPA) 3,218High speed uplink packet access(HSUPA) 3, 218Hilly terrain (HT) channel model 20HIPERMAN/IEEE802.16 36,239–263FEC coding and modulation262–263Link budget 272–275MAC frame structure 247–249Hybrid multiple access schemes105–125Performance comparison 123–125IEEE 802.11x 5, 8, 35, 284–287Channel characteristics 283FEC coding and modulation285–286Link budget 287MAC frame structure 285Implementation issues 129–210IMT-2000 1, 3, 45IMT-Advanced 2, 219Indoor/outdoor channel models20–25Inter-channel interference (ICI) 19Interference cancellation (IC) 68–71,81Interference estimation 206–208Interleaved FDMA (IFDMA) 116–118Inter-symbol interference (ISI) 19Inverse discrete Fourier transform(IDFT) 31–34, 134Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT)31–34, 134Inverse OFDM (IOFDM) 29–32I/Q generation 136–137Analog quadrature method 136Digital FIR filtering method136–137IS-95 standard 2, 3, 42–44Joint detection 64JTC channel model 21
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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Page 360 and 361: 340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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Page 373: Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
Page 377 and 378: Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
Page 379 and 380: Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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