Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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248 ApplicationsTable 5-17Applications and QoS requirementsService category Transported service QoS requirementsrtPSReal-time polling serviceUGSUnsolicited grant serviceErtPSExtended real-timepolling servicenrtPSNon-real-time pollingserviceBEBest effort serviceStreaming audio or videoVoIPVoice with activity detection(VoIP)File transfer protocol(FTP)Data transfer, web,browsing, etc.– Maximum reserved rate– Maximum sustained rate– Maximum latency tolerance– Traffic priority– Maximum sustained rate– Maximum latency tolerance– Jitter tolerance– Maximum reserved rate– Maximum sustained rate– Maximum latency tolerance– Jitter tolerance– Traffic priority– Maximum reserved rate– Maximum sustained rate– Traffic priority– Maximum sustained rate– Traffic priorityMAC Frame StructureThe basic IEEE 802.16 OFDM frame format [23], supporting adaptive modulation, issketched in Figure 5-26. The same frame format is used for the FDD and TDD mode,where for the latter case the TDM portion can be extended to support the uplink TDMAmode. Each frame starts with a preamble of known sequences and a frame control header(FCH) which is protected by the most robust PHY mode (BPSK1/2). The FCH transmitsthe OFDM burst profile. The first burst after the FCH is made of two parts, broadcastand data. The broadcast part is made of the downlink map (DL map), uplink map (ULmap), and downlink and uplink channel descriptors (DCD and UCD). The DL map transmitsinformation regarding the contents of the DL frame with respect to the employedmodulation scheme. Each frame starts with the most robust modulation and ends up withthe most spectral efficient one. Note that the UL map transmits the uplink grant informationassigned for each terminal station. Within the so-called downlink and uplink channeldescriptors several additional pieces of information are broadcasted, which deal with thebase station and the terminal station dedicated information, such as BS-identifier, TSidentifier,supported frame length (2.5, 8, and 20 ms), PHY type (SC or OFDM), TDD orFDD, modulation and FEC supported, burst concatenation, etc.The frame format in the case of TDD for an OFDMA system [24] is illustratedin Figure 5-27. As in the case of the generic OFDM frame, each OFDMA frame isdivided into downlink and uplink sub-frames, separated by transmit/receive (respectivelyreceive/transmit) time gaps TTG (respectively RTG). This is necessary for a TDD schemefor avoiding downlink and uplink transmission collisions. Note that each burst transmitsa given number of MAC-PDUs, as sketched in Figure 5-26.
WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame n+1DL-PreambleFCHDL Sub-frame TTG UL Sub-frameDL-burst#1DL-burst#mRTGTTG: TransmitTime GapRTG: ReceiveTime GapBroadcastMAC PDUsDLFPOne OFDMSymbol withBPSK, 1/2DLFP:Downlink FramePrefixDL MAP UL MAP DCD UCDDCD/UCD:Downlink / UplinkChannel DescriptorUL-Sub-frameInitialRangingBWRequestUL-PHY Transmissionfrom TS #kUL-PHY Transmissionfrom TS #iUL-PHY Transmissionfrom from AT#n TS #lULPreambleMAC PDU (s)MACMAC PayloadHeader(6 bytes) (variable bytes)CRCFigure 5-26IEEE 802.16 generic OFDM MAC frame format for TDDTDD OFDMA FrameOFDM logical Sub-channel No0K−1OFDM Symbol No0 1 N−1 0 M−1FCH Coded symbols write orderULUL Burst # 1DLMAPBurst # 2ULBurst # 2PreambleDLMAPULMAPDLBurst # 1DLBurst # 6DL Burst # 7Downlink Sub-frameDLBurst # 3DLBurst # 4DLBurst # 5TTGULACKRangingULBurst # 3ULBurst # 4ULBurst # 5Fast Feedback (CQICH)Uplink Sub-frameRTGFigure 5-27S-OFDMA (mobile) TDD frame format (time and sub-channel presentation)
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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Page 223 and 224: RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
Page 225 and 226: RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
Page 227 and 228: RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
Page 229 and 230: RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
Page 231 and 232: References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
Page 233 and 234: References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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Page 237 and 238: Introduction 217high speed as well
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Page 257 and 258: WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
Page 259 and 260: WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
Page 261 and 262: WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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Page 271 and 272: WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
Page 273 and 274: WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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Page 277 and 278: WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
Page 279 and 280: WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
Page 281 and 282: ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
Page 283 and 284: WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
Page 285 and 286: WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
Page 287 and 288: WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 289 and 290: WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
Page 291 and 292: WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
Page 293 and 294: WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
Page 295 and 296: WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Page 303 and 304: Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
Page 305 and 306: Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Page 317 and 318: References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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