Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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144 Implementation Issues4.2.2.3 Requirements on OFDM Frequency and Clock AccuracyFigures 4-10 and 4-11 show the simulated SNR degradations in dB for different bit errorrates (BERs) versus the frequency error and timing error for QPSK respectively. Thesediagrams show that an OFDM system is sensitive to frequency and to clock errors. Inorder to keep an acceptable performance degradation (loss smaller than 0.5–1 dB) theerror after frequency synchronization and time synchronization should not exceed thefollowing limits [73]:τ error /T s < 0.01f error T s < 0.02.(4.28)Thus, the error relative to the sampling period should fulfill τ error /(N c T samp )
Synchronization 145SNR Degradation in dB3.5BER = 10E − 043BER = 10E − 022.521.510.500 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1Figure 4-10 SNR degradation in dB versus the normalized frequency error f error T s ; N c = 2048sub-carriers1210BER = 10E − 04BER = 10E − 02SNR Degradation in dB864200 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04Clock-error/T sFigure 4-11 SNR degradation in dB versus the normalized timing error τ error /T s ; N c = 2048sub-carriers
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
Page 113 and 114: MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
Page 115 and 116: MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
Page 117 and 118: MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
Page 119 and 120: MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
Page 121 and 122: References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
Page 123: References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
Page 126 and 127: 106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
Page 128 and 129: 108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
Page 130 and 131: 110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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Page 134 and 135: 114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
Page 136 and 137: 116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
Page 140 and 141: 120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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Page 146 and 147: 126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
Page 149 and 150: 4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
Page 151 and 152: Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
Page 159 and 160: Synchronization 139The performance
Page 161 and 162: Synchronization 141null symbol as a
Page 163: Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
Page 167 and 168: Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
Page 169 and 170: Synchronization 149the timing error
Page 171 and 172: Synchronization 151A first simple s
Page 173 and 174: Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
Page 175 and 176: Channel Estimation 155Special cases
Page 177 and 178: Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
Page 179 and 180: Channel Estimation 159by the second
Page 181 and 182: Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
Page 183 and 184: Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
Page 185 and 186: Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
Page 187 and 188: Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
Page 189 and 190: Channel Estimation 169in order to r
Page 191 and 192: Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
Page 193 and 194: Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
Page 195 and 196: Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
Page 197 and 198: Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
Page 199 and 200: Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
Page 201 and 202: Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
Page 203 and 204: Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
Page 205 and 206: Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
Page 207 and 208: Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
Page 209 and 210: Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
Page 211 and 212: Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
Page 213 and 214: RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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