Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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124 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesThe design of a future air interface for broadband mobile communications requiresa comprehensive comparison between the various multi-carrier based multiple accessschemes. In Section 2.1.10, the performance of MC-CDMA, OFDMA, and MC-TDMAhas been compared in a Rayleigh fading channel for scenarios with and without FECchannel coding, where different symbol mapping schemes have also been taken intoaccount. It can generally be said that MC-CDMA outperforms the other multiple accessschemes but requires additional complexity for signal spreading and detection. The readeris referred to Section 2.1.10 and to References [15, 17, 23, 26], and [29] to compare theperformance of the various schemes directly.In the following, we show a performance comparison between MC-CDMA and OFDMAfor the downlink and between SS-MC-MA and OFDMA for the uplink. The transmissionbandwidth is 2 MHz and the carrier frequency is 2 GHz. The guard interval exceedsthe maximum delay of the channel. The mobile radio channels are chosen according tothe COST 207 models. Simulations are carried out with a bad urban (BU) profile and avelocity of 3 km/h of the mobile user and with a hilly terrain (HT) profile and a velocityof 150 km/h of the mobile user. QPSK is chosen for symbol mapping. All systems arefully loaded and synchronized.In Figure 3-13, the BER versus the SNR per bit for MC-CDMA and OFDMA systemswith different channel code rates in the downlink is shown. The number of sub-carriers is512. Perfect channel knowledge is assumed in the receiver. The results for MC-CDMA areobtained with soft interference cancellation [20] after the first iteration. It can be observedBER10 010 −110 −2MC-CDMA, R = 1/2, HT 150 kmhMC-CDMA, R = 1/2, BU 3 km/hMC-CDMA, R = 2/3, HT 150 km/hMC-CDMA, R = 2/3, BU 3 km/hOFDMA, R = 1/2, HT 150 km/hOFDMA, R = 1/2, BU 3 km/hOFDMA, R = 2/3, HT 150 km/hOFDMA, R = 2/3, BU 3 km/h10 −310 −434 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15E b /N 0 in dBFigure 3-13systemBER versus SNR for MC-CDMA and OFDMA in the downlink: QPSK; fully loaded
References 12510 010 −1SS-MC-MA, HT 150 km/hSS-MC-MA, BU 3 km/hOFDMA, HT 150 km/hOFDMA, BU 3 kmh10 −2BER10 −310 −410 −5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21E b /N 0 in dBFigure 3-14 BER versus SNR for SS-MC-MA and OFDMA with one-dimensional pilot symbolaided channel estimation in the uplink: R = 2/3; QPSK; fully loaded systemthat MC-CDMA outperforms OFDMA. The SNR gain with MC-CDMA compared toOFDMA strongly depends on the propagation scenario and code rate.Figure 3-14 shows the BER versus the SNR per bit of an SS-MC-MA system andan OFDMA system in the uplink. The number of sub-carriers is 256. Both systemsapply one-dimensional channel estimation which requires an overhead on pilot symbols of22.6 %. The channel code rate is 2/3. The SS-MC-MA system applies maximum likelihooddetection. The performance of SS-MC-MA can be further improved by applying softinterference cancellation in the receiver. The SS-MC-MA system outperforms OFDMAin the uplink, but it requires more complex receivers. The SS-MC-MA system and theOFDMA system would improve in performance by about 1 dB in the downlink due tothe reduced overhead with two-dimensional channel estimation.References[1] Bennett C. L. and Ross G. F., “Time-domain electromagnetics and its applications,” Proceedings IEEE,vol. 66, pp. 299–318, March 1978.[2] Chen Q., Sousa E. S., and Pasupathy S., “Multi-carrier CDMA with adaptive frequency hopping formobile radio systems,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 14, pp. 1852–1858,Dec. 1996.[3] ETSI DVB-RCT (TS 301 958), “Interaction channel for digital terrestrial television (RCT) incorporatingmultiple access OFDM,” Sophia Antipolis, France, March 2001.[4] ETSI HIPERMAN (TS 102 177), “High performance metropolitan area network, Part 1: physical layer,”Sophia Antipolis, France, 2004.
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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Page 97 and 98: MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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Page 101 and 102: MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
Page 103 and 104: MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
Page 105 and 106: MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
Page 107 and 108: MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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Page 111 and 112: MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
Page 113 and 114: MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
Page 115 and 116: MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
Page 117 and 118: MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
Page 119 and 120: MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
Page 121 and 122: References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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Page 149 and 150: 4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
Page 151 and 152: Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
Page 159 and 160: Synchronization 139The performance
Page 161 and 162: Synchronization 141null symbol as a
Page 163 and 164: Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
Page 165 and 166: Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
Page 167 and 168: Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
Page 169 and 170: Synchronization 149the timing error
Page 171 and 172: Synchronization 151A first simple s
Page 173 and 174: Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
Page 175 and 176: Channel Estimation 155Special cases
Page 177 and 178: Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
Page 179 and 180: Channel Estimation 159by the second
Page 181 and 182: Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
Page 183 and 184: Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
Page 185 and 186: Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
Page 187 and 188: Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
Page 189 and 190: Channel Estimation 169in order to r
Page 191 and 192: Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
Page 193 and 194: Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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