Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSMobile/PortableBroadband(In/Outdoor)TSHotspotBackhaulTSWi-FiResidentialBroadbandAccess; Last MilesWi-FiFigure 5-18WiMAX application fields and visionHence the WiMAX forum missions can be summarized as follows [33, 34]:• Ensure interoperability between BS and TS and build upon IEEE 802.16x standardspecifications, where a concrete set of Profiles for each application are defined andapproved by the forum.• Enable certification, i.e. provide a WiMAX certificated stamp for compliant equipment.• Promote the introduction of IP-based BWA services.5.3.2 From IEEE 802.16x and ETSI BRAN HIPERMAN Towards WiMAXWithin IEEE 802.16 and ETSI BRAN standardization sub-groups, several specificationshave been released since 2000 (see Figure 5-19) [19, 23, 24]. The first standards publishedwere dated late 2000/2001 (ETSI BRAN HIPERACCESS in 2000 and IEEE 802.16 in2001) and covered the 10–66 GHz carrier frequencies with only line of sight (LOS)applications. Early 2003 the extension was made to cover below 11 GHz (IEEE 802.16aand ETSI BRAN HIPERMAN) with the main target to cover non-LOS conditions (e.g.fixed/residential). The extension to support unlicensed bands (e.g. ISM) was made later(IEEE 802.16b). A complete revision of the standard specifications within IEEE waspublished in 2004 (IEEE 802.16d, also known as IEEE 802.16–2004).Since 2004 several further specifications have been published that enable standards tooffer future mobility migration (IEEE 802.16e). To cover mobility, it was quite crucial to