Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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338 Additional Techniques for Capacity and Flexibility Enhancement[20] Li Y., Chuang J. C., and Sollenberger N. R., “Transmit diversity for OFDM systems and its impacton high-rate data wireless networks,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 17,pp. 1233–1243, July 1999.[21] Lindner J. and Pietsch C., “The spatial dimension in the case of MC-CDMA,” European Transactions onTelecommunications (ETT), vol. 13, pp. 431–438, Sept./Oct. 2002.[22] Lo T. K. Y., “Maximum ratio transmission,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 47,pp. 1458–1461, Oct. 1999.[23] Seshadri N. and Winters J. H., “Two signaling schemes for improving the error performance of frequencydivision duplex transmission system using transmitter antenna diversity,” International Journal of WirelessInformation Network, vol. 1, pp. 49–59, 1994.[24] Tarokh V., Jafarkhani H., and Calderbank A. R., “Space–time block codes from orthogonal designs,”IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 45, pp. 1456–1467, June 1999.[25] Tarokh V., Seshadri N., and Calderbank A. R., “Space–time codes for high data rate wireless communications,”IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 44, pp. 744–765, March 1998.[26] Tsurumi H. and Suzuki Y., “Broadband RF stage architecture for software-defined radio in handheldterminal applications,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 37, pp. 90–95, Feb. 1999.[27] Wiesler A. and Jondral F. K., “A software radio for second- and third-generation mobile systems,” IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 51, pp. 738–748, July 2002.[28] Wolniansky P. W., Foschini G. J., Gloden G. D., and Valenzuela R. A., “V-BLAST: an architecture forrealizing very high data rates over the rich-scattering wireless channel,” in Proc. International Symposiumon Advanced Radio Technologies, Boulder, USA, Sept. 1998.
Definitions, Abbreviations,and SymbolsDefinitionsAdaptive antenna system (AAS): a system adaptively exploiting more than one antennato improve the coverage and the system capacity.Adaptive coding and modulation (ACM): a transmitter switching automatically themodulation constellation and the FEC coding rate in order to adapt them to the instantaneouschannel conditions (e.g. weather or fading) for improving the system capacity.Adjacent channel interference (ACI): interference emanating from the use of adjacentchannels in a given coverage area, e.g. dense cellular system.Asynchronous: users transmitting their signals without time constraints.Base station (BS): equipment consisting of a base station controller (BSC) and severalbase station transceivers (BST).Burst: transmission event consisting of a symbol sequence (preamble and the datasymbols).Cell: geographical area controlled by a base station. A cell can be split into sectors.Co-channel interference (CCI): interference emanating from the re-use of the samefrequency band in a given coverage area, e.g. dense cellular system.DC subcarrier: in an OFDM or OFDMA signal, the subcarrier whose frequency wouldbe equal to the RF center frequency of the station.Detection: operation for signal detection in the receiver. In a multi-user environment asingle-user (SD) or multi-user (MD) detection can be used. The multi-user detectionrequires the knowledge of the signal characteristics of all active users.Single-user detection techniques for MC-CDMA: MRC, EGC, ZF, MMSE.Multi-user detection techniques for MC-CDMA: MLSE, MLSSE, IC, JD.Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems Second Edition K. Fazel and S. Kaiser© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Page 373 and 374: Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
Page 375 and 376: Index 355Forward error correction (
Page 377 and 378: Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
Page 379 and 380: Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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