Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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254 ApplicationsTxMACPDUScramblingFECEncoderMappingTxDiversity(option)OFDM /OFDMA(IFFT)Framing(Pilots,References,Guard time)D/ARFStandardizedSynchronization & Channel EstimationChannel, N/LOSRxMACPDUFECDecoderDe-Mapping&Equaliz.RxDiversity(option)OFDM /OFDMA(FFT)De-ScramblingDe-Framing(Pilots,References,Guard time)A/DRFFigure 5-32PHY layer block diagram overview5.3.4.4 PHY LayerAn overview of the PHY layer transmission and reception functions is depicted inFigure 5-32. The transmit MAC PDUs after scrambling and FEC coding are mapped tothe transmitted modulation constellation. Depending on the transmission mode (OFDMand OFDMA), the modulated data are assigned to the sub-carriers [23].Allocated Carrier FrequenciesIn Table 5-18, some target carrier frequency bands below 11 GHz are listed [23]. Thechannel bandwidths depend on the used carrier frequency.The use of these radio bands provides a physical environment where, due to itswavelength characteristics, line of sight (LOS) is not necessary but multi-path may be significant(the delay spread is similar to DVB-T with up to 0.2 ms). The Doppler effects arenegligible for a fixed positioned terminal station; however, for a mobile terminal stationDoppler shifts will affect the link quality.Multi-Carrier Transmission SchemesThe physical layer of both HIPERMAN and WirelessMan standards support multi-carriertransmission modes. The basic transmission mode is OFDM. Depending on the selectedtime/frequency parameters, the system can support TDMA as well as OFDMA. This flexibilityensures that the system can be optimized for (a) short burst type of applications aswell as more streaming type oriented applications, and for (b) mobile and fixed receptionconditions. The main advantage of using OFDMA with high numbers of sub-carriers withthe same data rate as the OFDM mode is to provide higher coverage, i.e. larger guard timeand a reduction of transmitted power for a mobile terminal station (longer battery life).In the pure OFDM mode, in total 256 sub-carriers will be transmitted at once. The downlinkapplies time division multiplexing (TDM) and the uplink uses time division multipleaccess (TDMA). In the pure OFDMA mode, the channel bandwidth is divided into up to2048 sub-carriers, where each user is assigned to a given group of sub-carriers. However,
WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some target carrier frequencies below 11 GHz for BWAFrequency bands (GHz) Allocated channel spacing Recommendations2.150–2.1622.500–2.6902.305–2.3202.345–2.3602.150–2.1602.500–2.5962.686–2.6882.400–2.483.5(ISM, license-exempt)125 kHz to (n × 6) MHz USA CFR 47 Part 21.901, part74.902 (MDS/MMDS)1or2× (5 + 5) MHz or1 × 5MHz1MHz to (n × 6) MHzFrequency hopping or directsequence spread spectrum3.410–4.200 1.75 to 30 MHz paired with1.75 to 30 MHz (FDD)3.400–3.700 n × 25 MHz (single or paired)(FDD or TDD)5.150–5.850(license-exempt)n × 20 MHz10.000–10.680 3.5–28 MHz paired with3.5–28 MHz (FDD)USA CFR 47 Part 27 (WCS)Canada SRSP-302.5 (MCS)CEPT/ERC/REC 70-03USA CFR 47 Part 15,sub-part ERec. ITU-R F.1488 Annex IIETSI EN 301 021,CEPT/ERC Rec. 14-03 E,CEPT/ERCRec. ITU-R F.1488 Annex ICITEL PCC.III/REC.47(XII-99) Canada SRSP-303.4(BWA)CEPT/ERC Rec.70-03CEPT/ERC/REC. 12-05ETSI EN 301 021in the scalable OFDMA mode (mobile applications) the number of sub-carriers is scalablewith the used bandwidth; therefore, the number of sub-carriers varies from 256 to 2048.OFDM ModeThis mode is used for a fixed positioned terminal station. In Figure 5-33 its sub-carrierallocation is illustrated. There are several sub-carrier types:• Data sub-carriers• Pilot sub-carriers (boosted and used for channel estimation purposes)• Null sub-carriers (used for guard band and DC sub-carrier)Detailed parameters of the sub-channel allocation for the OFDM mode are summarizedin Table 5-19 and Table 5-20.The downlink is a TDM transmission. Every downlink frame starts with a preamble. Thepreamble is used for synchronization purposes. It is followed by a control channel zoneand downlink data bursts. Each burst uses different physical modes and each downlinkburst consists of an integer number of OFDM symbols.
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
Page 223 and 224: RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
Page 225 and 226: RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
Page 227 and 228: RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
Page 229 and 230: RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
Page 231 and 232: References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
Page 233 and 234: References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
Page 235 and 236: 5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
Page 237 and 238: Introduction 217high speed as well
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Page 241 and 242: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
Page 243 and 244: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
Page 247 and 248: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
Page 249 and 250: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
Page 257 and 258: WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
Page 259 and 260: WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
Page 261 and 262: WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
Page 263 and 264: WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
Page 265 and 266: WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
Page 267 and 268: WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
Page 269 and 270: WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 271 and 272: WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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Page 277 and 278: WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
Page 279 and 280: WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
Page 281 and 282: ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
Page 283 and 284: WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
Page 285 and 286: WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
Page 287 and 288: WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 289 and 290: WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
Page 291 and 292: WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
Page 293 and 294: WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
Page 295 and 296: WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
Page 297 and 298: Future Mobile Communications Concep
Page 303 and 304: Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
Page 305 and 306: Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
Page 307 and 308: Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
Page 317 and 318: References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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304 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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