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Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry

Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry

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112 Arjan W. Braam<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g religion <strong>and</strong> spirituality sometimesleads to a better underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g, patients who seereligion or spirituality as relevant. The therapeuticrelationship may become more personal, whichenhances some of the nonspecific therapeutic factorsas formulated by Rogers (53) : genu<strong>in</strong>eness,empathy, <strong>and</strong> unconditional positive regard. Here,f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g hope <strong>in</strong> times of despairor disillusion represent an ongo<strong>in</strong>g matter of cl<strong>in</strong>icalcare <strong>and</strong> sensitivity.REFERENCES1 . Ke ss l e r RC , B e rg lu n d P , D e m l e r O , Ji n R ,Me r i k ang a s K R , Wa lte rs E E . 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Religiousness<strong>and</strong> depression: evidence for a ma<strong>in</strong> effect <strong>and</strong>the moderat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>fluence of stressful life events .Psychol Bull . 2003; 129 : 614 –636.12. Ai AL , Dunkle RE , Peterson C , Boll<strong>in</strong>g , SF . Therole of private prayer <strong>in</strong> psychological recoveryamong midlife <strong>and</strong> aged patients follow<strong>in</strong>g cardiacsurgery . Gerontologist . 1998; 38 : 591 –601.13. Fitchett G , Burton LA , Sivan AB . The religiousneeds <strong>and</strong> resources of psychiatric <strong>in</strong>patients . JNerv Ment Dis . 1997 ; 185 : 320 –326.14. Bosworth HB , Park H-S , McQuoid DR , HaysJC , Steffens D C . The impact of religious practice<strong>and</strong> religious cop<strong>in</strong>g on geriatric depression . Int JGeriatr <strong>Psychiatry</strong> . 2003; 18 : 905 –914.15. Payman V , George K , Ryburn , B. Religiosityof depressed elderly <strong>in</strong>patients . Int J Geriatr<strong>Psychiatry</strong> . 2008; 23 : 16 –21.16. Koenig HG , Pargament KI , Nielsen J . Religiouscop<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> health status <strong>in</strong> medically illhospitalized older adults . J Nerv Ment Dis .1998 ; 186 : 513 –521.17. Braam AW , Beekman ATF , Deeg DJH , Smit JH ,Tilburg WV . Religiosity as a protective or prognosticfactor of depression <strong>in</strong> later life; resultsfrom a community survey <strong>in</strong> the Netherl<strong>and</strong>s .Acta Psychiatr Sc<strong>and</strong> . 1997 ; 96 : 199 –205.18. Koenig HG. <strong>Religion</strong> <strong>and</strong> remission of depression<strong>in</strong> medical <strong>in</strong>patients with heart failure/pulmonary disease . J Nerv Ment Dis . 2007; 195 :389 –395.19. Braam AW , Sonnenberg CM , Beekman ATF ,Deeg DJH , Tilburg WV . Religious denom<strong>in</strong>ationas a symptom-formation factor of depression<strong>in</strong> older Dutch citizens . Int J Geriatr <strong>Psychiatry</strong> .2000 ; 15 : 458 –466.20. Stompe T , Ortwe<strong>in</strong>-Swoboda G , Chaudhry HR ,Friedmann A , Wenzel T , Sch<strong>and</strong>a H. Guilt <strong>and</strong>depression: a cross-cultural comparative study .Psychopathology . 2001; 34 : 289 –298.21. Kendler KS , Liu X-Q , Gardner CO , McCulloughME , Larson D , Prescott CA. Dimensions of religiosity<strong>and</strong> their relationship to lifetime psychiatric<strong>and</strong> substance use disorders . Am J <strong>Psychiatry</strong> .2003;160 :496 –503.22. Levav I , Kohn R , Gold<strong>in</strong>g JM , Weissman MM.Vulnerability of Jews to affective disorders . Am J<strong>Psychiatry</strong> . 1997; 154 : 941 –947.23. Braam AW , Beekman ATF , Eeden PV , Deeg DJH ,Knipscheer CPM , Tilburg WV. Religious climate<strong>and</strong> geographical distribution of depressivesymptoms <strong>in</strong> older Dutch citizens . J Affect Disord .1999 ; 54 : 149 –159.24. Meador KG , Koenig HG , Hughes DC , Blazer DG ,Turnbull J , George LK. Religious affiliation <strong>and</strong>major depression . Hosp Community <strong>Psychiatry</strong> .1992; 43 : 1204 –1208.25. Fitchett G , Murphy PE , Kim J , Gibbons JL ,Cameron JR , Davis JA. Religious struggle:prevalence, correlates <strong>and</strong> mental health risks <strong>in</strong>diabetic, congestive heart failure, <strong>and</strong> oncologypatients . Int J Psychiatr Med . 2004 ; 34 : 179 –196.26. Braam AW , Schaap-Jonker H , Mooi B , Ritter D ,Beekman ATF , Deeg Djh. God image <strong>and</strong> mood<strong>in</strong> old age; results from a community-based pilotstudy <strong>in</strong> the Netherl<strong>and</strong>s . Mental Health Relig Cult .2007 ; 11 : 221 –237.

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