Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry

182 Ralph L. PiedmontTable 13.3: Partial Correlations Between the SCID-IIP Axis II PD Scales and the ASPIRESSpirituality and Religious Sentiments Scales Controlling for FFM Personality Domains.SCID-IV PD ScaleASPIRES ScalePF UN CN R RCParanoid –.05 –.07 .04 –.07 .16** .03*Schizoid –.01 –.03 –.13* .03 .15** .04**Schizotypal .16** .15** .04 .08 .15** .07***Antisocial-Adult –.15** –.11* –.02 –.25*** .21*** .08***Antisocial-Youth .10 .10 –.01 .15** –.03 .03*Borderline –.11 –.06 .02 –.17** .26*** .06***Histrionic .01 .07 .01 –.02 .13* .01Narcissistic –.07 –.01 –.04 –.09 .16** .06***Avoidant –.14* –.12* –.10 –.09 .16** .02*Dependent –.02 –.05 .00 –.02 .07 .01Obsessive-.18*** .11* .03 .24*** .00 .06***CompulsivePassive-Aggressive .01 –.01 .00 –.03 .22*** .05***Depressive –.10 –.14* –.09 –.12 .23*** .05***ΔR 2 .14*** .12*** .07* .17*** .11***ΔR 2N = 342. p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001, two-tailed. PF = Prayer Fulfillment, UN = Universality, CN = Connectedness,R = Religiosity Index, RC = Religious Crisis.Note: Correlations in bold indicate a significant predictor in the regression analysis.Adapted from Piedmont RL, Hassinger CJ, Rhorer J, Sherman MF, Sherman NC, Williams JEG. The relations amongspirituality and religiosity and Axis II functioning in two college samples. Res Soc Sci Stud Relig. 2007;18:53–74.reflect the unique overlap between the numinousscales and Axis II functioning. There are fourpoints of interest here. First, with the exceptionof the dependent scale, all the PD scales correlatewith at least one of the ASPIRES scales. Thenuminous constructs relate to almost the entirespectrum of disorders. Second, the two religioussentiments scales appear to have more numerousassociations, and of higher magnitude, thanthe STS facet scales. Thus, learned religious sentimentsmay be more salient for understandingAxis II issues than spiritual motivations. Third,two series of regression analyses were performedto obtain the amount of overlapping variance.The last row of Table 13.3 indicates the amountof unique variance that each of the ASPIRESscales has in common with all of the SCID-IIPPD scales once the influence of personality isremoved. As can be seen, the PD scales explainfrom 7 percent to 17 percent of the variance ineach ASPIRES scale. These would be consideredvery large effect sizes.(49) Finally, the last columnin the table evaluates the amount of uniqueshared variance between each PD scale and thefive ASPIRES scales, controlling for the predictiveeffects of personality. In all but two instances(the Histrionic and Dependent PD scales), theASPIRES scales uniquely account for a significantamount of variance in each PD scale(from 2 percent to 8 percent). The magnitude ofthese effects would be considered moderate tostrong. The bolded correlations indicate thosescales that emerged significant in the regression.It is interesting to note that the religioussentiments scales were the consistent predictorswhile the STS facet scales tended to drop out ofthe analyses.(50)Th e second phase of this study was to applySEM to evaluate models that varied the causalrelations between the ASPIRES scales and thePD scales. Model 1 examined the causal impactof both personality and spirituality on Axis IIfunctioning. Model 2 examined the causalimpact of both personality and religious sentimentson Axis II functioning. Model 3 reversedthe causal sequence and evaluated the impact of