Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry

Personality, Spirituality, Religiousness, and the Personality Disorders 177Table 13.2: Partial Correlations Between SCID-IIP Screener Scales and FFM PersonalityDomains Controlling for Acquiescence.FFM Personality DomainSCID-IV PD ScaleN E O A CAvoidant .50*** –.52*** –.19*** –.08 –.17**Dependent .43*** –.12 –.17** –.03 –.32***Obsessive-Compulsive .32*** –.09 –.08 –.30*** .24***Passive-Aggressive .60*** –.23*** –.06 –.47*** –.33***Depressive .64*** –.41*** .04 –.36*** –.23***Paranoid .52*** –.31*** .00 –.55*** –.21***Schizotypal .29*** –.19*** .21*** –.31*** –.20***Schizoid .10 –.36*** –.11 –.22*** –.15**Histrionic .19*** .37*** .14 –.22*** –.17**Narcissistic .33*** .00 .06 –.56*** –.16**Borderline .66*** –.22*** .07 –.48*** –.38***Antisocial 1 (Adult Behavior) .32*** –.01 .10 –.51*** –.42***Antisocial 2 (Youth Behavior) .21*** –.05 .15** –.39*** –.23***N = 302Note: N = Neuroticism, E = Extraversion, O = Openness, A = Agreeableness, C = Conscientiousness.*** p < .001, ** p < .01, p < .05, two-tailedAdapted from Piedmont RL, Sherman MF, Sherman NC, Williams JEG. A first look at the DSM-IV structuredclinical interview for personality disorder screening questionnaire: more than just a screener? Meas Eval Couns Dev.2003;36:150–160.Table 13.2 provides the results of one studythat correlated scores from the Structured ClinicalInterview for DSM-IV Personality DisordersScreening Questionnaire (SCID-IIP) (18) and theFFM personality domains.(19) (Data are providedto show heuristic support for the arguments beingmade here. However, familiarity with interpretingpartial correlations is not essential for understandingthe points being made in the text. Readers soinclined can skip any review of the tabled data.)The SCID-IIP is a self-report questionnaire thatcontains the diagnostic items for each of the PDs.Individuals rate on a 1 to 5 scale the extent towhich each behavior is self- descriptive (for example,Do you often feel nervous when you are withother people?). These data were based on a studentsample of 302 individuals and are representativeof findings from other studies using otherinstruments. (Saulsman and Page (20) provide ameta-analysis of these relationships.) Two pointsof interest emerge from Table 13.2. First, all thePD scales correlate with at least one of the FFMdomains. Thus, characterological dysfunctioningcan be seen as a more extreme variant of the normaldimensions of personality. Particularly (high)neuroticism and (low) extraversion are moststrongly related to the PD scales, indicating thataffective dysphoria and social withdrawal are keycomponents to impairment regardless of how itis categorized. Agreeableness and conscientiousnessare also related, indicating a selfish, impulsiveorientation behind many of the PDs. Interestingly,openness has only a few points of overlap, indicatingthat qualities associated with permeability andrigidity are less strongly reflected in the current setof nosological definitions.A careful examination of each PD scale’srelation ship to the FFM domains also providesimportant insights into the personologicaldynamics of each disorder. For example,consider the FFM correlations for the avoidantPD scale. Notice, those who score high on thisscale also score high on neuroticism and low onextraversion. The low extraversion (that is, introversion)makes sense for this group. They tendto avoid contact with others and prefer a more