Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry

286 William P. WilsonTable 19.1: Summary of Thematic Dimensions of Four Kinds of Psychotherapy.Theme Dynamic (D) Behavioral (B) Experiential (E) Christian (C)Prime concern Sexual repression Anxiety Alienation Alienationfrom God –incompleteness (sin)Concept of pathologyConcept of healthMode of changeTime approach andfocusType of treatmentTherapist’s taskPrimary tools andtechniquesInstinctual conflicts;early libidinaldrives and wishesthat remain outof awareness, i.e.,unconsciousResolution ofunderlying conflicts;victory of ego overid, i.e., ego strengthDepth insight;understandingof the early past,i.e., intellectualemotionalknowledgeHistorical; subjectivepastLong-term andintenseTo comprehendunconscious mentalcontent and itshistorical and hiddenmeaningInterpretation; freeassociation, analysisof transference,resistance, slips, anddreamsLearned habits;excess or deficitbehaviors thathave beenenvironmentallyreinforcedSymptom removal;Absence of specificsymptom and/orreduction of anxietyDirect learning;behaving in thecurrent present,i.e., action orperformanceNonhistorical;objective presentShort-term and notintenseTo program, reward,inhibit, or shapespecific behavioralresponses to anxietyproducingstimuliConditioning;systematicdesensitization,positive and negativereinforcements,shapingExistential despair;human loss ofpossibilities,fragmentationof self, lack ofcongruence withone’s experiencesActualization ofpotential; selfgrowth,authenticity,and spontaneityImmediateexperiencing; sensingor feeling in theimmediate moment,i.e., spontaneousexpression ofexperienceAhistorical;phenomenologicalmomentShort-term andintenseTo interact in amutually acceptingatmosphere forarousal of selfexpression(fromsomatic to spiritual)Encounter;shared dialogue,experiments orgames, dramatizationor playing out offeelingsA combinationof D, B, and E,along with sin andits consequences(death); inability tocontrol behavior;painful emotionalstateA combination of D,B, and E; wholeness-(holiness) with peaceand love and fruitsof love; ability tocontrol behaviorA combinationof D, B, and E;reconciliation withGod; receipt of HolySpirit; creation ofpleasant emotionalstate; increasedselflessness andcontrol of behavior;adoption of newvalue systemA combination of D,B, and E; historical,nonhistorical,ahistorical,subjective past,objective present,phenomenologicalmomentAny time and anyintensityDetermination ofrelationship withGod; spiritualgrowth, to relate toperson in love, touncover conflicts, toassist in resolution;to program, reward,shape responsesConversion; prayer,determination ofhistorical originsof conflicts,analysis of dreams,free association,interpretation,conditioning,education(continued)