Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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DO PROJECT RULES PROMOTE SUSTAINABILITY AND EQUITY?2. Targeting poor villages does nottarget poor households in thesevillages.Villages which the national poverty indices classifyas “poor” consist of a mix of wealthier and lesswell-off households. Projects without explicitmechanisms to identify poor households and givethem voice and choice may not bring any directbenefits to the poor and marginalized membersof the community.3. National policy could establish acommon understanding ofdemand-responsive servicesand encourage projectstrategies that give a voice andinformed choice to women andthe poor too.The two water sector projects (WSLIC 1 and RWSS)were planned before much was known about howto elicit or respond to consumer demand. Thesector now strives to bring decision making downto the household level, giving women and menequal access to information and decisions aboutservices. Neither WSLIC nor RWSS was verydemand-responsive in these terms. The watersector includes in its definition of demand awillingness to pay for services, and only WSLICrequired fixed percentage contributions in cashand kind.The three multi-sector projects had broad povertyalleviation concerns. If they considered demandat all, they considered it to be satisfied when acommunity made a choice from a menu of options.KDP 1 is a more recent design than VIP and OECFprojects, but demand and equity in demandfeatured neither in its objectives nor as its operatingprinciples (which were sustainability, communityparticipation and empowerment, transparency,simplicity, and competition among villages forfunds). Willingness to pay was also not aconsideration; none of the three multi-sectorprojects required contributions.4. As more Indonesian villagesnear or reach 100 percentaccess to water, convenience ofaccess and access to sanitationbecome increasingly importantequity issues.Convenient water access means houseconnections. When public funds become availablefor villages where wealthier people already haveaccess, will they be used to upgrade systems inways that help the better off gain more convenientaccess (increased volume and better distribution,for example), or to close the access gap for thepoor? Unless there are safeguards, not all villageswill make a fair decision, as Kalisemut did, where,with very low water volume, house connectionswere prohibited but every household gained accessthrough a system of public tanks and taps.Most of the household toilets found in the 40communities came from households’ own efforts,using their own funds. Almost none came from thetwo water sector projects, and the multi-sectoralprojects did not fund household sanitation. Notsurprisingly, the wealthier households had the toilets.Ways need to be found to help poor householdsbuild latrines while encouraging the householdsthat can afford them to do it on their own.102
DO PROJECT RULES PROMOTE SUSTAINABILITY AND EQUITY?Figure 15 Importance of benefits to poor and rich women and menPercentage of focus groups mentioning the benefit40 %35 %30 %25 %20 %15 %10 %5 %0 %Time/laborsaving, greaterconvenienceSufficient waterfor householduseImprovedwaterqualityImprovedhealth offamilyUsed foranimaland plantsIncreasedincomeIntensifiedreligiousobservancePoor WomenPoor Men Rich Women Rich Men5. Communities attach a high valueto their water services,suggesting that they might beprepared to pay more and thatprojects could experiment withreduced subsidies.Groups of rich and poor women and men almostall said that their water services were worth morethan their cost. In addition to the high value forcost, there was a surprising amount ofagreement among rich and poor women andmen as to the importance of specific benefits(Figure 15). The high value attached alsosuggests that the communities will strive to keepthe water systems functioning. It also suggeststhat communities are prepared to pay more forwater than they presently do, possibly allowingdevelopment projects to reduce subsidies acrossthe board, and reach more people with servicesper rupiah (Indonesian currency) of developmentassistance.103
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SustainabilityPlanning andMonitorin
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SustainabilityPlanning andMonitorin
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PrefaceThe mission of the Water and
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AcknowledgementsThe Participatory L
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4.9 Visualization and self-scoring
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Figure 18 KDP 2 activity cycle with
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THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINED WATER SU
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A NEW TOOL FOR PLANNERS AND MANAGER
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSkey va
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSsevera
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESS●●
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSThe MP
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSsegreg
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THE MPA IN ACTIONaction points in i
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THE MPA IN ACTION●●●●●●
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THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 15 Key element
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THE MPA IN ACTIONsuccessful or unsu
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THE MPA IN ACTIONexternal facilitat
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THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 17 Indicative
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THE MPA IN ACTIONvisits and conduct
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THE MPA IN ACTIONScoring principles
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THE MPA IN ACTION4.10 Quality contr
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THE MPA IN ACTIONExperiences with t
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THE MPA IN ACTION5Organizing and In
Page 67 and 68: Box 22 Gender and poverty analysis
Page 69 and 70: ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING THE DAT
Page 79 and 80: PARTICIPATORY TOOLS USED IN THE MPA
Page 109 and 110: Section 2MPAApplication Case Studie
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Page 121 and 122: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEDANIDA began
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Page 125 and 126: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEReality of e
Page 127 and 128: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEAdding Accou
Page 129 and 130: ADDING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR GENDER EQ
Page 137 and 138: Table 2WSLIC 2: ADDING POVERTY ACCO
Page 141 and 142: Table 3 (continued) ADDING PERFORMA
Page 145 and 146: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMembers
Page 147 and 148: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
Page 149 and 150: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
Page 151 and 152: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARD●●
Page 153 and 154: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMPA core
Page 155 and 156: EFFECT OF THE MPA ON GENDER RELATIO
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Page 159 and 160: ACHIEVING SUSTAINED SANITATION FOR
Page 161 and 162: HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
Page 163 and 164: HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
Page 165 and 166: Appendix AInstitutions that current
Page 167 and 168: Appendix BProcess designed forPLA P
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StepNo.7.ProcessAsk “Were users e
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ReferencesBernard, Russel H. (1995)
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Wijk, Christine van. (1998). ‘Gen
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Water and Sanitation ProgramWater S
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