Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESS●institutional arrangements and culture withinwhich the water supply and improvedsanitation services have been established.The “enabling policies,” or the nature of thesector policies under which the project orprojects have been carried out.The analytical framework provides an overview ofthe situation and processes at the time ofestablishment of the systems and at the time oftheir assessment.Clusters A and B are assessed with thecommunity’s women and men and their waterand sanitation management organization. Theyrepresent the analysis of the current situation.Clusters C, D, and E are also assessed with thesegroups, but their variables, and their indicatorsand sub-indicators span both current and pastsituations. This is indicated by the dotted line inthe figure.Apart from the analyzed factors, there may alsobe “exogenous factors” that influence therelationships between the clusters. They includethe type and complexity of the technology, age ofthe system, ecological differences (e.g., droughtconditions and availability of alternative sources),local mobility and access to spare parts and otherresources, communications, leadership situationsand gender and poverty conditions specific to thearea. They are captured in the initial CommunityData Sheet and through qualitative data recordedby the assessment team as part of the participatoryanalysis of the different factors. They may becontrolled through sampling if their presence isknown in advance. If not, data may need to begrouped by the factors to analyze their influenceon the results.3.2 Types of systems to assessThe MPA looks at generic qualities. Projects cantherefore use the methodology to assess andcompare between various types of water supplyor sanitation systems irrespective of thetechnologies used or service levels.Subjects of investigation are systems that havebeen in existence for some time. To state with someconfidence that they are sustained and used, theymust have functioned for at least 1-2 years,preferably longer. It is not necessary to have aparticipatory assessment and analysis with allcommunities which have installed new systems. Itis sufficient to carry out the study in a sufficientlylarge randomly selected sample. This is discussedin greater detail in Chapter 4.For representativeness, the sample will preferablyalso include non-functioning systems. Theanalysis of non-functioning systems is animportant source of information about whysystems fail and how to avoid those mistakes.However, conducting MPA assessments incommunities with non-functioning systemsassumes that some means for assistance areavailable for correcting the situation. It would beunethical to ask the community’s women andmen to spend several days of their time inassessing the situation when the underlyingproblems turn out to be beyond their influenceor control and no support can be given.Sometimes such communities may not beinterested in participating in assessments. In suchcases full MPA assessments cannot be conducted,but data should be gathered to avoid gaps inthe database through several other methods lessdependent on group participation involvingThe MPA can help analyze any type of community-managed water and sanitation systemat community, institution, and policy levels.20
THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSseveral days of time, e.g., key informantinterviews with project functionaries and willingindividual villagers and technical observationchecklists for water systems. The problem of nonfunctioningsystems cannot be overcome byexcluding them from the sample because doingso would yield assessment results that are positivelybiased and do not represent reality.3.3 Sustainability indicatorsThe variables in clusters A-G, and the indicatorsthrough which they are measured, are presentedin Box 10. In total, a full MPA assesses 15 mainvariables, each with several sub-variables andindicators. Sanitation can be included whenprojects are integrated, or assessed separately.Cluster A:Sustainability is measured by indicators for effectivedesign and construction, system functioning -environmentally, technically and to the satisfactionof users - effective financing and management.Cluster B:Effective use is assessed in terms of access toservices and hygienic and environmentally safeuse by all.Cluster C:Demand-responsiveness relates to three aspects:user demand, responding to demand, andsatisfaction of demand.●●●User demand is measured by the contributionsof the different user groups in cash and/orkind to initiate and sustain operation.Responsiveness to demand is measured by thedegree to which the different communities anduser groups had opportunities to makeinformed choices about the technologies andservice levels that they desire and can sustain,and about financing and managementarrangements for them.Satisfaction of demands relates to the extentto which demands of women and men inwealthier and poor households are met bythe system, and the satisfaction of these groupswith the system and system management inrelation to their contributions.Cluster D:Sharing of burdens and benefits is measured fortwo points of time: during the construction of thefacilities, and during operation and maintenance.It refers to the sharing at household andcommunity levels:Box 9 Some key questions answered by the MPA● How effectively are the facilities sustained and used?● How equitable is the access gained by all groups?● How equitable are the voice, choice and control exercised by all groups in the establishmentand operation of services?● How equitably are the burdens and benefits divided among the groups?● To what extent do agencies practice gender- and poverty-sensitive approaches?● To what extent do sector/project policies support gender- and poverty-sensitive participation anddemand-responsive approaches?● Do policies make a difference on the ground?21
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Page 6 and 7: PrefaceThe mission of the Water and
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Page 49 and 50: THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 15 Key element
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Page 57 and 58: THE MPA IN ACTIONvisits and conduct
Page 59 and 60: THE MPA IN ACTIONScoring principles
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PARTICIPATORY TOOLS USED IN THE MPA
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Section 2MPAApplication Case Studie
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DO PROJECT RULES PROMOTE SUSTAINABI
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEDANIDA began
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE2. Key findi
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEReality of e
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEAdding Accou
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ADDING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR GENDER EQ
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Table 2WSLIC 2: ADDING POVERTY ACCO
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Table 3 (continued) ADDING PERFORMA
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMembers
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARD●●
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMPA core
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EFFECT OF THE MPA ON GENDER RELATIO
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EFFECT OF THE MPA ON GENDER RELATIO
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ACHIEVING SUSTAINED SANITATION FOR
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HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
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HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
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Appendix AInstitutions that current
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Appendix BProcess designed forPLA P
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StepNo.7.ProcessAsk “Were users e
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ReferencesBernard, Russel H. (1995)
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Wijk, Christine van. (1998). ‘Gen
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Water and Sanitation ProgramWater S
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