Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSBox 11 MPA indicators for community-managed sanitationClusters Sanitation Variables and Indicators Measurement Tools(see chapter 6)AEFFECTIVELYSUSTAINEDSERVICEBEFFECTIVELYUSED SERVICEQuality of design, installation, maintenance(functioning) of latrines according to men/women.Quality of design, installation, maintenance(functioning) of drainage at water points accordingto men/women.Continued installation of facilities over time.Access to safe excreta disposal facility, by social class.Percentage in use for intended purpose; percent usedfor other purposes; observed hygiene condition.Consistency of latrine use; behavioral change bygender and age.Hand-washing knowledge and practices.Knowledge/practices about diarrhea transmissionand prevention, by gender and social class.Rope rating scale, latrine selfscoring(by a representative samplenumber of user households).Social map, matrix table ofhouseholds covered under project(s)and through self-financing, welfareclassification.Welfare classification, social map.Transect walk with observationchecklist, self-scoring.Pocket voting.Latrine self-scoring, F-diagram,role-play, pocket voting.Contamination routes and blocks(PHAST).CDEMANDRESPONSIVESERVICEDSHARING OFBURDENSANDBENEFITSInitial demand for latrines (degree and nature ofuser contributions for construction) by R/P, W/M.Project responsiveness to demand (users’ voice andchoice in design/materials/location for sanitationfacilities, and for modes of payment).Benefits of latrines, reasons for demand, by R/P,W/M.Value for cost perceptions by R/P, W/M.Ownership of latrines, by type of system and socialclass.Degree and nature of user contributions for operationand maintenance (public/shared facilities) by R/P,W/M.Division of paid and unpaid work in O&Mbetween women and men.Access to and nature of training (technical, healthand hygiene) for W/M, R/P.Card sorting in focus groups(better and poor).Matrix voting.Ladders 1.Ladders 1.Welfare classification, social map.Card sorting in focus groups (richand poor), ladders 2.Matrix voting, ladders 2.Matrix voting, welfare classification.R/P = Rich and Poor; W/M = Women and Men.24
THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSThe MPA uses a basic definition of “demand” asthe “willingness to pay, based on informedchoice.”Inherent in this definition are equity concernsrelated to the questions “whose demand?” and“whose willingness to pay?” In the MPA, demandis understood as the aggregate demand of allsections of communities, i.e., both women andmen, both the poor and the wealthier, bothminority and majority groups. “Payment” includesall forms in which the users may contribute, i.e.,in cash, in kind, and with time and energy forobtaining, operating, maintaining, and managingservices.Also inherent in this definition is the understandingthat “choice” means a lot more than technologyor cost options. The MPA uses the term to meanwho participates in which choices, i.e., whichgroups within the communities and householdsmake which of the several key decisions, such as:●●●●●initiation of the projects;the type of technologies and service levels;the location of the facilities;the local management, maintenance, andfinancing systems; andthe candidates for training.The “capacity to pay“ gets verified through theprocess of facilitating informed choice - anessential requirement of the demand-responsiveapproach. It is not possible to assess “willingnessto pay” with any accuracy in the absence ofchoices and full information about choices beingoffered and discussed with potential consumers.Both willingness and capacity to pay can besurprisingly elastic, depending on what optionsare being offered, at what immediate and longertermcosts, and how clearly this information iscommunicated to and discussed with women andmen from wealthier, intermediate, and poorgroups, who are all potential consumers ofservices. Gender-sensitive methods play animportant role in assessing the overall demandfor services (see example in Java case study,Section 2 of this report).While assessing demand, it is also important toinvestigate and control for incentives in thepotential users’ environment which may distort theirwillingness or capacity to pay. For example, ifpeople believe that services might be provided freeof charge, they may have an incentive to say thatthey are too poor to pay. In such cases it may notbe possible to get an accurate assessment ofdemand until the initial stages of projectimplementation are under way. At this timepotential consumers can begin to see the real termsunder which the services are finally being provided.Demands and meeting demands are not staticissues. Continued maintenance and use ofservices and user payments depend on how wellthe improved facilities continue to match theexpectations and resources of the different groups.Users also continually compare how benefits relateto the costs of obtaining them.To understand “demand” in relation to sustainedservices, the MPA measures the satisfaction ofwomen and men (in wealthier and poorerhouseholds) with the improved facilities, theoperation and management of the facilities, andthe effects of the same on their lives (extent ofdemand met). It relates these levels of satisfactionto what each group has contributed toconstruction and now contributes in the postconstructionphase, not only in cash but also intime, labor, and any other form (perceived valuefor cost). The analysis of these processes is doneacross time and at community as well as agencylevels. This reveals how processes at different levelsand phases in the project cycle determine the finalresults of water supply and sanitation projects.25
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Page 6 and 7: PrefaceThe mission of the Water and
Page 8 and 9: AcknowledgementsThe Participatory L
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Page 12 and 13: 4.9 Visualization and self-scoring
Page 14 and 15: Figure 18 KDP 2 activity cycle with
Page 17 and 18: THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINED WATER SU
Page 27 and 28: A NEW TOOL FOR PLANNERS AND MANAGER
Page 35 and 36: THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSkey va
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Page 45 and 46: THE MPA IN ACTIONaction points in i
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Page 49 and 50: THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 15 Key element
Page 51 and 52: THE MPA IN ACTIONsuccessful or unsu
Page 53 and 54: THE MPA IN ACTIONexternal facilitat
Page 55 and 56: THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 17 Indicative
Page 57 and 58: THE MPA IN ACTIONvisits and conduct
Page 59 and 60: THE MPA IN ACTIONScoring principles
Page 61 and 62: THE MPA IN ACTION4.10 Quality contr
Page 63 and 64: THE MPA IN ACTIONExperiences with t
Page 65 and 66: THE MPA IN ACTION5Organizing and In
Page 67 and 68: Box 22 Gender and poverty analysis
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PARTICIPATORY TOOLS USED IN THE MPA
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Section 2MPAApplication Case Studie
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DO PROJECT RULES PROMOTE SUSTAINABI
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEDANIDA began
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE2. Key findi
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEReality of e
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEAdding Accou
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ADDING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR GENDER EQ
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Table 2WSLIC 2: ADDING POVERTY ACCO
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Table 3 (continued) ADDING PERFORMA
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMembers
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARD●●
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMPA core
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EFFECT OF THE MPA ON GENDER RELATIO
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EFFECT OF THE MPA ON GENDER RELATIO
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ACHIEVING SUSTAINED SANITATION FOR
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HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
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HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
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Appendix AInstitutions that current
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Appendix BProcess designed forPLA P
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StepNo.7.ProcessAsk “Were users e
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ReferencesBernard, Russel H. (1995)
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Wijk, Christine van. (1998). ‘Gen
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Water and Sanitation ProgramWater S
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Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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