Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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ACHIEVING SUSTAINED SANITATION FOR THE POORMajor findings and learningemerging from the studies1. Sanitation coverage figures generally maskedthe fact that the poor households withincommunities, which constituted between 20-54 percent of all households in the samplevillages in the three countries, are not gainingaccess to sanitation. Sanitation programseverywhere have tended to promote only onetype of technology/design of facility at a fixedcost, and have not developed options speciallysuited to the poorer sections of communities.2. Demand-responsive approaches are essentialto increasing sustained access to sanitation,since sanitation facilities tend to have thecharacteristics of consumer products.Household latrines that people build at theirown cost are of higher quality, prove moresatisfying to their users and are maintainedmuch better than latrines that are subsidizedor provided free of charge.3. Demand for and ownership of sanitationfacilities are not synonymous with improvedcommunity sanitation behavior, i.e., consistentuse of safe excreta disposal practices by allmembers of the household. A very highproportion of latrine-owning householdscontinue to occasionally use unsafe, outdoordefecation practices.4. “Health improvements” are not the mostimportant motivating factor for people toacquire household latrines. Sanitationpromotion methods currently in use are notutilizing other, locally prevalent motivations foracquiring sanitation improvements.5. Women are markedly more interested inacquiring household latrines, but programshave not adequately targeted promotionalactivities to women.6. Even though some key hygiene behaviors areuniversally important, their promotion methodsneed to be varied because risky hygienepractices take many different forms in differentcultures and vary from one community toanother. Communities usually know best whattriggers behavior change among theirmembers.7. Time frames for sanitation projects need to belonger than 4-5 years, because measurablechanges in community sanitation behavior onlyhappen after a viable, self-sustaining marketfor sanitation services has developed, i.e.,demand has been generated and supplymechanisms have grown to service the demand.Changes in community awareness of improvedsanitation as a more desirable way of life alsorequires substantial population coverage to begenerated – which takes time.142
ACHIEVING SUSTAINED SANITATION FOR THE POORHow Well did those DevelopmentProjects in Flores Work?An evaluation of water and sanitation interventions made in52 villages in Flores, IndonesiaRichard HopkinsIn December 1992, Flores island in the easternportion of the Indonesian archipelago suffered amajor earthquake and tidal wave. This eventclaimed several thousand lives and destroyed mostof the existing, meager infrastructure. Some of thesubsequent emergency relief efforts progressivelyevolved into, or gave way to, longer-termdevelopment projects. The water and sanitationsector was a priority.One such project was the AusAID 52 -assisted FloresWater Supply and Sanitation Reconstruction andDevelopment Project (FWSSRDP, later known asFLOWS). Others included the World Bank-assistedWater Supply and Sanitation for Low IncomeCommunities (WSLIC) project, and smallerprograms implemented by NGOs. About five yearsafter the projects had been completed it wasconsidered a good time to evaluate how well theyhad worked.As a part of a national water and sanitation policyreform initiative, WASPOLA 53 , it was originallyenvisaged to conduct a longitudinal study of52 AusAID – the Australian Agency for International Development53 WASPOLA – Indonesian Water Supply and Sanitation Policy Formulation and Action Planning Project, apartnership led by the Government of Indonesia with the National Planning Agency, BAPPENAS as chair,facilitated by the Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (WSP-EAP), with majority grantfunding by AusAID.143
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PrefaceThe mission of the Water and
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AcknowledgementsThe Participatory L
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4.9 Visualization and self-scoring
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Figure 18 KDP 2 activity cycle with
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THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINED WATER SU
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A NEW TOOL FOR PLANNERS AND MANAGER
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSkey va
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSsevera
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESS●●
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSThe MP
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THE MPA IN ACTIONaction points in i
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THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 15 Key element
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THE MPA IN ACTIONsuccessful or unsu
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THE MPA IN ACTIONexternal facilitat
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THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 17 Indicative
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THE MPA IN ACTIONvisits and conduct
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THE MPA IN ACTIONScoring principles
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THE MPA IN ACTION4.10 Quality contr
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THE MPA IN ACTIONExperiences with t
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THE MPA IN ACTION5Organizing and In
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Box 22 Gender and poverty analysis
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ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING THE DAT
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PARTICIPATORY TOOLS USED IN THE MPA
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Page 107 and 108: PARTICIPATORY TOOLS USED IN THE MPA
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Page 145 and 146: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMembers
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Page 149 and 150: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
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Page 153 and 154: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMPA core
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Page 167 and 168: Appendix BProcess designed forPLA P
Page 169 and 170: StepNo.7.ProcessAsk “Were users e
Page 171 and 172: ReferencesBernard, Russel H. (1995)
Page 173: Wijk, Christine van. (1998). ‘Gen
Page 176: Water and Sanitation ProgramWater S
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