Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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A NEW TOOL FOR A PLANNERS NEW TOOL AND FOR MANAGERS PLANNERS OF AND LARGE MANAGERS CDD PROGRAMS OF LARGE CDD PROGRAMSBox 3 Uses of the MPAWho can use the MPA?What MPA enables them to doCommunity members ● Assess and monitor the sustainability of their services.(users of services) ● Assess and monitor how equitably the benefits and burdens from services are sharedwithin the community.Community organizations ● Identify feasible community level actions to make their services more sustainable andmanaging community services equitable at planning and monitoring stages.●●●Assist communities to plan for sustainable and equitable project outcomes.Monitor sustainability and equity of project interventions and factors influencing themin project communities.Compare sustainability and equity situations in communities across districts, provinces,projects, and time, i.e., through project phases (see Benin case study, Section 2).Project implementing agencies ● Identify cases for in-depth study (see Java case study, Section 2).●●Identify patterns and trends in progress towards sustainability and equity in projects,and institutional factors associated with high or low sustainability/equity situations(see Box 6).Take institutional level actions to promote sustainability and equity in project outcomes.Task/project managersPolicymakers(see Section 2, Indonesia case study of application to two large scale project designs).All of the above, plus:●●Periodically obtain and statistically analyze data on sustainability and equity (povertytargeting,gender equality) of project interventions, community demand and projectresponsiveness to demand, quality and quantity of community participation andempowerment.Institutionalize the monitoring of all the above aspects in project agencies at sub-nationaland national levels.Analysis of all of the above aspects across communities, geographic areas, projects, and overtime - to draw lessons for scaling up and for policy actions needed to promote sustainabilityand equity goals (see Lao PDR case study, Section 2).Box 4 Participatory, rapid... what’s the difference?Other participatory methods MPA●●●●●●●●Often case-specificData are not comparableAggregation in the mindDuration variesMostly qualitative informationNo statistical analysisScaling up is difficultSampling procedures not essential●●●●●●●●Same analysis with allData are comparableAggregation in practiceDuration fixedQualitative quantifiedStatistical analysis possibleDesigned for large programsRequires sampling criteria and procedures toensure representativeness10
A NEW TOOL FOR PLANNERS AND MANAGERS OF LARGE CDD PROGRAMS●●●●promotion policies and strategies (Indonesia,Cambodia, Vietnam).Stakeholder assessment of poverty-sensitivityand gender dimensions of national sectorpolicy and strategies (Peru, Bolivia, Indonesia,Cambodia).Participatory stakeholder assessments ofbenefits reaching the urban poor through pastwater supply and sanitation interventions andservices currently being provided by urbanutilities (ongoing in Vietnam).Sustainability assessment of urban sanitationservices and water supply models for smalltowns, to draw lessons for sector policyimprovement (The Philippines).To improve policymaking and programplanning by adding to the knowledge onlinkages between demand-responsive andgender- and-poverty-sensitive approaches andsustainability (15 country study).The use of the MPA has led to the improvement oftraining on budgeting and financial management(DANIDA-supported project in Ghana), greatergender balance in community management inKerala, India, Cameroon and Indonesia, andmore equitable water distribution in an integratedwater management project (also in Kerala, India).2.3 What is new about theMPA ?The MPA is not just a new acronym for yet anotherset of participatory tools. It is a methodologyconsisting of systematically sequenced investigationfocusing on specific community groups and isdesigned to obtain and analyze quantitative andqualitative information on community-managedservices. Box 4 gives the differences between theMPA and other participatory learning methodssuch as Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) andParticipatory Learning and Action (PLA).2.3.1 Quantification of qualitativedataBecause no methodology existed that usedparticipatory tools and also provided largeprograms with easily comparable data, the Waterand Sanitation Program (WSP) and the IRCInternational Water and Sanitation Centredeveloped the MPA. In this endeavor, the teambuilt on two existing methodologies: the MinimumEvaluation Procedures (MEP) developed by theLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine(WHO, 1983) and the participatory evaluation toolsand indicators which Deepa Narayan developedfor the Water and Sanitation Program in 1993building further on Lyra Srinivasan’s work on theSARAR 7 methodology (PROWWESS/UNDP, 1990).Their characteristics are compared in Box 5.The MPA combines the advantages of these twoprevious methodologies and adds quantification.It was developed in 1997-98 by a team from theWSP and the IRC.The MPA quantifies participatory assessment dataand allows statistical analysis at the program level.The MPA was validated in a global study in 1998and 1999 that covered 88 community-managedwater supplies from 18 projects in 15 countries.The study was implemented by local teams fromuniversities, the private sector, national and localNGOs, and the project agencies. WSP’s regionaloffices in South-Asia, East Asia and Pacific, andEast and Southern Africa, and IRC with its partnersPAID and CINARA in West Africa and LatinAmerica, provided training and support.7 SARAR stands for Self-esteem, Associative strengths, Resourcefulness, Action planning, Responsibility.Tools for Community Participation. Srinivasan, Lyra. (1990) PROWWESS/UNDP.11
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Page 6 and 7: PrefaceThe mission of the Water and
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Page 57 and 58: THE MPA IN ACTIONvisits and conduct
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ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING THE DAT
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PARTICIPATORY TOOLS USED IN THE MPA
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Section 2MPAApplication Case Studie
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DO PROJECT RULES PROMOTE SUSTAINABI
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEDANIDA began
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE2. Key findi
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEReality of e
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEAdding Accou
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ADDING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR GENDER EQ
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Table 2WSLIC 2: ADDING POVERTY ACCO
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Table 3 (continued) ADDING PERFORMA
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMembers
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARD●●
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMPA core
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EFFECT OF THE MPA ON GENDER RELATIO
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EFFECT OF THE MPA ON GENDER RELATIO
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ACHIEVING SUSTAINED SANITATION FOR
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HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
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HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
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Appendix AInstitutions that current
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Appendix BProcess designed forPLA P
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StepNo.7.ProcessAsk “Were users e
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ReferencesBernard, Russel H. (1995)
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Wijk, Christine van. (1998). ‘Gen
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Water and Sanitation ProgramWater S
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Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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