Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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THE MPA IN ACTION●needed to continue the work. Undertakingstudies as single and separate interventionsreduces the possibilities for continuing theprocess.No program database is built up.4.2 Selecting the assessmentteamsThe assessment team usually comprises femaleand male members from the community, field stafffrom the agencies involved in the program, asociologist, anthropologist, or participatorydevelopment specialist with skills on genderanalysis and training, and a water or sanitaryengineer. The latter two need to be skilled trainersin the use of the MPA and have experience with,and commitment to participatory approaches withgender and social equity perspectives .In cases where a statistical analysis is intended,a development economist, sociologist or statisticianfamiliar with non-parametric statistics andparticipatory methods is needed on the team.Box 12 The assessment teamAn MPA assessment team consists of:● Male and female members of thecommunity and the local WSS managementorganization, which, ideally, shouldrepresent different socio-economic groupsin the community.● Field staff who have been with the programlong enough to have experience withapproaches at the time of planning andestablishing the community systems.● A sociologist/ participatory developmentspecialist with skills in gender analysis andtraining.● A sanitary or water supply engineer withexperience in and commitment toparticipatory approaches with gender andsocial equity perspectives.● At the program level, a data analyst withexperience in using non-parametricstatistics.For the preparation or adaptation of theparticipatory tools, a local illustrator is helpful.However, groups can also use their own materialsand inventiveness, and rely on real life symbols,own sketches and drawings, and locally drawnor written cards. Using their own or local materialsencourages ownership and creativity. It also makesit easier for community groups to continue usingthe participatory tools and techniques introduced.Personal values and attitudes areas important as skillsTraining teams of MPA facilitators constitutes aconsiderable investment for the organizations thatundertake or finance MPA assessments. Suchorganizations may be local NGOs, consultancyfirms, program support centers, and traininginstitutes. They may also be water supply andsanitation implementation agencies that havedecided to train their own staff members.Within these organizations, not everyone has theright values, attitudes, and skills for facilitating theuse of participatory tools. Many facilitators withskills in the use of participatory tools are notautomatically conscious of gender and socialinequalities. It takes the accompanying values,attitudes, and skills to deal with these inequities.The composition and hiring of facilitation teamstherefore requires a great deal of care.Organizations have improved the selection andcapacity development of facilitators in severalways:30
THE MPA IN ACTION●●●●●●●Program agencies, and agencies that financeassessments, work with teams that continuepracticing over time. They do not accept teamsthat have been formed “just for the occasion”by inexperienced employees;Selection is by a committee which includespersons with considerable field experience withparticipatory tools and gender and socialequity;During interviews, candidates are asked toprovide examples of their experience ofparticipatory work, including work with womenand poor people;Selection committees ask the candidates toprovide some kind of skills demonstration,e.g., in a role play or a problem solvingexercise;Candidates are asked to give examples of theircreative use of participatory methods, e.g.,variations in materials and methods ordevelopment of own tools, as evidence thatthey are not applying participatory tools andtechniques mechanically as a “ritual”;Community groups - especially women, poorpeople and other marginal groups -recommend particular staff members fortraining;The training doubles as a selection process;only the best candidates will qualify, orqualification is graded;●●Peer review and community reviews onattitudes and skills are part of the trainingand fieldwork;Structured observations on facilitation andcommunication attitudes and skills are part ofthe training and fieldwork.The women and men from the communityparticipating in assessments should represent thevarious socio-economic groups and not just theelite. The trainers/facilitators help the othermembers of the assessment team focus oncontextual issues, ensure objectivity and monitorthe quality of the work. A mix of respected femaleand male community members and project orgovernment representatives at the start helps pavethe way for the assessment in the communities.In case of a series of assessments at country orinter-country level, the establishment of a GenderAssessment Committee (GAC) comprisingrepresentatives from sector line ministries andpartner agencies, and including persons withfield experience in participatory water andsanitation programs may be useful. The role ofsuch a committee will include defining the scopeof the assessment, quality assurance, peerreviewing and selecting of the assessment team.The GAC does not conduct the assessment butmaintains a supervisory role.Box 13Not everyone has the personal attitudes to work with participatory methods andpractice equityExperience during the global PLA study showed that technical people sometimes feel uncomfortableusing participatory tools. “Let me come for training when you finish the visual exercise.”Training program needed to focus first on attitude development for community-driven approachesbefore embarking on MPA tools.East and Southern Africa regional synthesis report on the PLA Initiative.WSP - East and Southern Africa, 2000.31
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Page 6 and 7: PrefaceThe mission of the Water and
Page 8 and 9: AcknowledgementsThe Participatory L
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Page 12 and 13: 4.9 Visualization and self-scoring
Page 14 and 15: Figure 18 KDP 2 activity cycle with
Page 17 and 18: THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINED WATER SU
Page 27 and 28: A NEW TOOL FOR PLANNERS AND MANAGER
Page 35 and 36: THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSkey va
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Page 57 and 58: THE MPA IN ACTIONvisits and conduct
Page 59 and 60: THE MPA IN ACTIONScoring principles
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PARTICIPATORY TOOLS USED IN THE MPA
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Section 2MPAApplication Case Studie
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DO PROJECT RULES PROMOTE SUSTAINABI
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEDANIDA began
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE2. Key findi
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEReality of e
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEAdding Accou
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ADDING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR GENDER EQ
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Table 2WSLIC 2: ADDING POVERTY ACCO
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Table 3 (continued) ADDING PERFORMA
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMembers
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARD●●
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMPA core
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EFFECT OF THE MPA ON GENDER RELATIO
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EFFECT OF THE MPA ON GENDER RELATIO
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ACHIEVING SUSTAINED SANITATION FOR
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HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
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HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
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Appendix AInstitutions that current
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Appendix BProcess designed forPLA P
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StepNo.7.ProcessAsk “Were users e
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ReferencesBernard, Russel H. (1995)
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Wijk, Christine van. (1998). ‘Gen
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Water and Sanitation ProgramWater S
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