Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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PARTICIPATORY TOOLS USED IN THE MPA6.3 Community map 20Social maps represent a popularplanning, evaluation and monitoringtool as they reveal a lot that is neverpossible to know from written records.Since they also take considerable timeto make, it is worthwhile to considerhow many different types of data toinclude, keeping keeping in mind thatthe more complex the map, the moretime the analysis will take and thatother tools, discussed later, can givethe same information more “at oneglance” than a social map.PreparationsCounting households with good or poor access to servicesfrom the social map in CambodiaPurposeCommunity social maps help to visually representand analyze the community situation regardingall water and sanitation facilities - traditional aswell as those provided by specific projects - andaccess of the poor, rich and middle-incomehouseholds to them.They also help to visualize in which households(rich/intermediate/poor) paid or unpaid males orfemales work in water, sanitation and hygienepromotion, who paid or currently pays how muchin relation to service access obtained, and whoreceived training.A day before this activity, thefacilitators will discuss it with villagerepresentatives (both women andmen) and agree on the area to bemapped.For large villages, it is often toocumbersome to map the whole village down to thehousehold level. In such cases, a general layout ofthe community is drawn with the traditional andnew water supply systems created through theproject, as well as the rich, poor and intermediateneighborhoods, according to the criteria agreed.For project planning purposes, the entirepopulation to be covered by a project interventionwould have to be included. For monitoring andevaluation purposes, however, areas for detailedmapping can be delineated and average/typicalhousehold clusters or neighborhoods selectedaccording to the purpose of the activity. Forinstance, large villages can be sectioned off20 Adapted from participatory rural appraisal (PRA) techniques66
PARTICIPATORY TOOLS USED IN THE MPAaccording to administrative (sub-village) orgeographic boundaries when point sources ofwater such as dug wells or hand pumps wereprovided. When network systems such as pipedwater supply was provided, the command area ofeach system from source to points of use wouldconstitute the types of areas/units for mapping.The team uses the map to generate groupdiscussions and gather information, for furtherreference, particularly for planning the transectwalk and for sampling. It is usual for a map to beprogressively developed, detailed and refined overthe entire period an assessment team is in avillage.A random selection is then made from the relevantareas/clusters for household mapping, inconsultation with the community, so that themapped area provides sufficient information torepresent the majority’s water-sanitation situation.The venue chosen for mapping is a central placewhere a large group can gather for an extendedperiod of time, protected from the weather, well litand accessible to all classes and both genders.ProcessThe facilitator explains the purpose of the exercise,and helps start a discussion to develop a list offeatures that need to be indicated on the map.Women and men make the map, either togetheror in separate groups, as gender relations allow.Depending on literacy, local preferences andavailability of space and materials, they maychoose to draw it on a large sheet of paper (e.g.,2-4 wrapping paper sheets taped together), usingdrawing materials they are familiar with, or onthe floor, or on open ground.With the help of local materials, such as pebbles,seeds, flour, twigs in case of a map on the ground,or symbols in case of a map on paper, all selectedfeatures are marked. When maps are made onthe floor or open ground, the literate villagers andteam members transfer them to paper aftercompletion.ResultsMaps bring out key local information.●●●●●●●●●Number, type and location of all water sources,whether or not created through the projectbeing assessed.Degree to which the sources meet all waterneeds during the year, only partly meet waterneeds in some months, or at times fallcompletely dry.Degree to which distribution points meet allwater needs, of women and men separately,the year round, or do not have water for certainperiods, for uses of women, men or both.Predictability of water delivery, consquences incase of irregular service, especially for women.Cut-off zones for water source use, clarifyingaccess of households to sources, particularlypoint sources.Location of rich, poor and middle-incomehouseholds according to criteria agreed onearlier, and the relationship of the welfareclassification with accessibility and regularityof service delivery.Households that do not have easy access toany type of improved source.Number, type and location of sanitationfacilities, both public and household, accordingto their installation before, during or after theexternal intervention.Homes of community members with roles inproviding and maintaining water and67
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SustainabilityPlanning andMonitorin
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SustainabilityPlanning andMonitorin
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PrefaceThe mission of the Water and
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AcknowledgementsThe Participatory L
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4.9 Visualization and self-scoring
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Figure 18 KDP 2 activity cycle with
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THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINED WATER SU
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A NEW TOOL FOR PLANNERS AND MANAGER
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A NEW TOOL FOR PLANNERS AND MANAGER
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Page 35 and 36: THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSkey va
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Page 39 and 40: THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESS●●
Page 41 and 42: THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSThe MP
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Page 45 and 46: THE MPA IN ACTIONaction points in i
Page 47 and 48: THE MPA IN ACTION●●●●●●
Page 49 and 50: THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 15 Key element
Page 51 and 52: THE MPA IN ACTIONsuccessful or unsu
Page 53 and 54: THE MPA IN ACTIONexternal facilitat
Page 55 and 56: THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 17 Indicative
Page 57 and 58: THE MPA IN ACTIONvisits and conduct
Page 59 and 60: THE MPA IN ACTIONScoring principles
Page 61 and 62: THE MPA IN ACTION4.10 Quality contr
Page 63 and 64: THE MPA IN ACTIONExperiences with t
Page 65 and 66: THE MPA IN ACTION5Organizing and In
Page 67 and 68: Box 22 Gender and poverty analysis
Page 69 and 70: ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING THE DAT
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Page 109 and 110: Section 2MPAApplication Case Studie
Page 111 and 112: DO PROJECT RULES PROMOTE SUSTAINABI
Page 121 and 122: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEDANIDA began
Page 123 and 124: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE2. Key findi
Page 125 and 126: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEReality of e
Page 127 and 128: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEAdding Accou
Page 129 and 130: ADDING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR GENDER EQ
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ADDING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR GENDER EQ
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Table 2WSLIC 2: ADDING POVERTY ACCO
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Table 3 (continued) ADDING PERFORMA
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMembers
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARD●●
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMPA core
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EFFECT OF THE MPA ON GENDER RELATIO
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EFFECT OF THE MPA ON GENDER RELATIO
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ACHIEVING SUSTAINED SANITATION FOR
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HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
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HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
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Appendix AInstitutions that current
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Appendix BProcess designed forPLA P
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StepNo.7.ProcessAsk “Were users e
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ReferencesBernard, Russel H. (1995)
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Wijk, Christine van. (1998). ‘Gen
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Water and Sanitation ProgramWater S
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