Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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ADDING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR GENDER EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSIONprojects have become the responsibility of multiplestakeholders at national, provincial and districtlevels, issues of capacity now extend frompolicymaking to administration at sub-nationallevels and communities.Participatory evaluations have shown that pastwater supply and sanitation interventionssupported by aid agencies in Indonesia have oftendone poorly in terms of ensuring equity of accessfor the poor or women in the community, toempowering interventions. Moreover, communitywater supply systems that have been evaluatedtended to have fairly adequate technical quality,but community management and financing of theiroperation and maintenance were ofteninadequate, putting longer-term sustainability atrisk. 38 At the same time, empirical evidence froma worldwide study has shown the sustainability ofwater-sanitation services to have positiverelationships with gender and social equity incommunity empowerment. 391.1. Gender and povertymainstreaming in two newprojectsTwo projects starting in Indonesia in 2001 offeredideal opportunities to build on the knowledgegained to date, by addressing social and genderequity and sustainability concerns in infrastructureinvestments in concretely verifiable ways, andbuilding those mechanisms into local governancestructures and systems. To this end, a GENFUNDgrant was used by WSP-EAP during 2001-02 tosupport gender- and poverty-mainstreaming in twoWorld Bank supported infrastructure developmentprojects. This paper explains what interventionswere made and what was learned in the processof institutionalizing them. Whether or not the MPAbasedinterventions make a difference to projectoutcomes will be monitored periodically during2003-05 and evaluated near the end of projectsin 2006-07.The second Kecamatan Development Program(KDP 2, a multi-sector intervention) and the secondWater and Sanitation for Low Income CommunitiesProject (WSLIC 2, a health sector project) both aimto improve basic infrastructure in poor villagessimultaneously with community empowerment andimprovement of local governance, using acommunity demand-driven approach. WSLIC 2plans to reach at least two million people in 2000villages of seven provinces between 2001 -2008while KDP 2 will use a similar approach to reachan estimated 20-30 million people in twentyprovinces in four and a half years starting in 2002.Together they constitute nearly $530 million incredit and grant funds, although water andsanitation will likely comprise only a part of theKDP 2 project, the actual outlay being determinedby community demand.The objectives of this gender and povertymainstreaming initiative were:1. Developing and testing the use of verifiableindicators and tools for gender equity andsocial inclusion (poverty-targeting) withincommunities in the community level planningprocess for the multi sectoral SecondKecamatan Development Program (KDP 2);and2. Developing and operationalizing a gender-38 Reports available from www.wsp.org of WSP-EAP’s evaluation of community-based components of UNICEFIndonesia’s WES programme (Local Voices Heard), West Nusa Tenggara ESWS Project and Flores WSSprojects supported by AusAID, RWSS project supported by ADB, (1997-99).39 Linking Sustainability with Demand, Gender and Poverty: A Study in Community-Managed Water SupplyProjects in 15 Countries; Gross, B., van Wijk, C. and Mukherjee, N. Water and Sanitation Program and IRCInternational Water and Sanitation Centre, (2001).112
ADDING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR GENDER EQUITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSIONand poverty-sensitive community action planpreparation process for water supply and/orsanitation interventions, in the Second Waterand Sanitation for Low Income Communities(WSLIC 2) Project, and also for theseinterventions through social fund type projects. 40The Methodology for Participatory Assessments(MPA) was the principal instrument for analysisand intervention used in both projects. Selectedqualitative tools from two other participatorymethodologies, PRA and PHAST 41 were used tocomplement MPA in both cases.2. Entry points andinterventions made inKDP 2Government of Indonesia’s KecamatanDevelopment Program supported by the WorldBank aims at reducing rural poverty andimproving local governance. KDP provides blockgrants directly to sub-districts (Kecamatans), outof which funds are made available to villages onthe basis of proposals presented and defendedby village teams at a sub-district level communitydecision making forum. Program rules specifyceilings for funds available to each village, thekinds of activities that may be funded, and requirethat if a village submits more than one proposal,one must come from women’s groups. KDPobjectives emphasize community participation -especially that of women and poor villagerstransparentdecision making, competition amongvillages for funds, and sustainability of projectinvestments. In view of the multi-dimensionalgender mainstreaming actions already under wayin KDP 2, the WSP-EAP chose to focus strategicallyon one piece of the whole picture, i.e., improvingthe gender-poverty-sensitivity of village leveldecision making processes for: a) village proposalpreparation, and subsequently, b) the finalselection of proposals to be funded by KDP 2, atthe sub-district level.It was agreed with the project management teamthat this would require a holistic approach, inwhich:a) capacity building for community facilitatorswould be integrated with a gender- andpoverty-inclusive and empowering communitylevel planning process, andb) the extent of empowerment and poverty/gender-sensitivity of that process would beverifiable and be monitored by the program(KDP 2).a. Providing a process and tools forinclusion and empowermentA structure of activities was designed for thecommunity level process that will formulate activityproposals for funding.Table 1 summarizes the tools introduced and theirpurposes (for details on MPA tools see Chapter 6of this book), and Figure 18 illustrates how theyfit in the KDP 2 activity cycle.b. Incorporating the process/ toolsfor inclusion and empowermentinto facilitator trainingA training program to equip sub-district andvillage-level facilitators to use these tools withcommunities was piloted in one province. At the40 In both cases, the objectives are pursued by working with KDP 2 and WSLIC 2 project implementing agenciesand drawing on project budgets for stakeholder involvement, training, and piloting of activities.41 PRA - Participatory Rural Appraisal, and PHAST - Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation.113
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PrefaceThe mission of the Water and
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AcknowledgementsThe Participatory L
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4.9 Visualization and self-scoring
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Figure 18 KDP 2 activity cycle with
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THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINED WATER SU
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A NEW TOOL FOR PLANNERS AND MANAGER
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSkey va
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSThe MP
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THE MPA IN ACTIONaction points in i
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THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 15 Key element
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THE MPA IN ACTIONsuccessful or unsu
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THE MPA IN ACTIONexternal facilitat
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THE MPA IN ACTIONvisits and conduct
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THE MPA IN ACTIONScoring principles
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THE MPA IN ACTIONExperiences with t
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THE MPA IN ACTION5Organizing and In
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Box 22 Gender and poverty analysis
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ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING THE DAT
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Page 171 and 172: ReferencesBernard, Russel H. (1995)
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