Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEFigure 17 Gender equity User in contributions cost-sharing to for constuction water servicesUser contributionto constructionUser contribution tooperation and maintenance1009080% of household contribution7060504030424265702058581035300Rich Poor Rich PoorMaleFemale●of the households being “wealthier” and 80-85 percent households being “poorer”. In thepoverty study carried out, the average of poorerhouseholds was slightly higher.It is interesting that in all projects the differencein access for the poor and rich was minimal,and that in each village generally there was away of dealing with the poorest householdsby letting them have water for free or for asmaller fee. With regard to contributions forconstruction, clearly everybody contributed, butoften each according to his or her means. Thisindicated that in Benin, villagers are well awarewhich families are poorest and reducing●contributions is an accepted compensatorycommunity practice for such families.In terms of contribution in cash for serviceestablishment, there was a certain measure ofequity, with women contributing marginally lessthan men and the poor contributing less thanthe wealthier households. Particularly, in themen’s group, poor men contributed on averagethree times less than men who were better off.However, continued payment after theestablishment of the service, in particular forthe payment of water, became a larger financialburden of women. This is illustrated in Figure17.108
FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEReality of enmeshed gender andpoverty issues●From the studies in Benin, it became clearthat most villages already deal effectively withsocio-economic variations betweenhouseholds by adjusting contributions todifferential payment capacities. In contrast,the gender gap remains large and is currentlythe most important problem. One urgent pointfor policy action that came out of the povertyprofile is that the poorest villages are alsothose that have the highest proportion offemale-headed households. In some villages,more that 75 percent of households arefemale-headed.Changing hygiene behavior takesmore than hygiene promotion●The sanitation and hygiene component didpoorly in these projects. Construction rate oflatrines was very low and little behaviorchange was observed. The strategy for thesanitation component was to train localmasons in the building and promotion oflow-cost sanitation technology, and to put theemphasis on hygiene and sanitationpromotion in order to foster demand ratherthan offering subsidies for household latrines,which has proved to be unsustainable. Eventhough the PADEAR GTZ/KFW did put moreof an accent on hygiene by having a specificgroup of people in each village beingresponsible for carrying out door-to-doorhygiene promotion, little change was seen.The hygiene promotion method was not well●developed and not targeted which led tocommunities getting bored with the samemessages being repeated by the field projectstaff.The sanitation component did poorly and thelatrine construction was clearly low in the 20villages. 35 This was mainly due to the lowpriority the sanitation component was givenfor the first year of the project. Also, moreefforts will have to be put into trainingmasons, in carrying out the marketing forlatrines, and allowing for households to payfor their latrines in installments. It may bepossible to experiment with training womenlatrine masons, which has been successful inraising demand in other countries.The PADEAR strategy succeeded tosome extent in promoting communityvoice and choice, communitymanagement capacity, and socialequity in project benefit-sharing●In general, the strategy was successful inproviding the communities with a voice, andto a lesser extent a choice, in the outcome oftheir WSS projects. It is also clear from theresults that certain areas of the strategy wereless sensitive to the demand-responsiveapproach than was expected. In many cases,project staff made the choice as to who wouldget trained in the water committee, and whenand how feedback to the community wouldbe given. Within communities, the village chiefand the male elite still dominate decisions onthe location of facilities.35 Only 2 percent of this population gained access to a latrine. Of these 2 percent (48 households), 92 percent(44 households) were from the better off class.109
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SustainabilityPlanning andMonitorin
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SustainabilityPlanning andMonitorin
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PrefaceThe mission of the Water and
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AcknowledgementsThe Participatory L
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4.9 Visualization and self-scoring
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Figure 18 KDP 2 activity cycle with
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THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINED WATER SU
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A NEW TOOL FOR PLANNERS AND MANAGER
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSkey va
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSsevera
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESS●●
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSThe MP
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSsegreg
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THE MPA IN ACTIONaction points in i
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THE MPA IN ACTION●●●●●●
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THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 15 Key element
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THE MPA IN ACTIONsuccessful or unsu
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THE MPA IN ACTIONexternal facilitat
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THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 17 Indicative
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THE MPA IN ACTIONvisits and conduct
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THE MPA IN ACTIONScoring principles
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THE MPA IN ACTION4.10 Quality contr
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THE MPA IN ACTIONExperiences with t
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THE MPA IN ACTION5Organizing and In
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Box 22 Gender and poverty analysis
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ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING THE DAT
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ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING THE DAT
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Page 79 and 80: PARTICIPATORY TOOLS USED IN THE MPA
Page 109 and 110: Section 2MPAApplication Case Studie
Page 111 and 112: DO PROJECT RULES PROMOTE SUSTAINABI
Page 121 and 122: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEDANIDA began
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Page 127 and 128: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEAdding Accou
Page 129 and 130: ADDING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR GENDER EQ
Page 137 and 138: Table 2WSLIC 2: ADDING POVERTY ACCO
Page 141 and 142: Table 3 (continued) ADDING PERFORMA
Page 145 and 146: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMembers
Page 147 and 148: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
Page 149 and 150: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
Page 151 and 152: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARD●●
Page 153 and 154: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMPA core
Page 155 and 156: EFFECT OF THE MPA ON GENDER RELATIO
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Page 159 and 160: ACHIEVING SUSTAINED SANITATION FOR
Page 161 and 162: HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
Page 163 and 164: HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
Page 165 and 166: Appendix AInstitutions that current
Page 167 and 168: Appendix BProcess designed forPLA P
Page 169 and 170: StepNo.7.ProcessAsk “Were users e
Page 171 and 172: ReferencesBernard, Russel H. (1995)
Page 173: Wijk, Christine van. (1998). ‘Gen
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Water and Sanitation ProgramWater S
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