Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDEffective management: level and timelinessof repairs, quality of budgeting and accountkeeping.Men and women in each community had theopportunity to express their qualitative andquantitative perceptions regarding the aspectsbeing assessed, and to see where their systemsstood on the sustainability scales. They were thusable to see areas where they needed to improvescores, for their systems to be more sustainable.The summary of the specific findings from 38villages are presented in Figures 24, 25, 26.●Only ten communities out of 38 haveestablished a water and sanitation committee.Systems are mostly managed by user groupsthat have very limited knowledge of operation,management and maintenance. Women’sparticipation in decision making andmanagement of the facilities is very low.Emerging implicationsThe study pinpoints several key issues to considerduring future planning, implementation and useof rural water supply services in Lao PDR.●Most communities judged the quality of theirsystem (design, construction and materials) tobe generally sound (Figure 24). Only 5 percentof the communities classified the technicaldesign as poor. Improved technical trainingand services of district and provincial Nam Saatofficers seem to be producing positive impacts●All the four factors - such as system quality,effective functioning, effective financing, andeffective management - are essential and needto be studied to assess sustainability. As thisstudy shows, even though all households in avillage may have access, households do noton design, construction, and installation ofequipment. Also, the growing free market islikely injecting exposure to new technology andcompetition.●While the majority of systems scored abovethe mid-point of 100-point scales, i.e., above50 point 49 for system quality and effectivefunctioning, the scores for financing andmanagement were generally poor, with morethan half of the sample communities scoringbelow the sustainability benchmark level of 50points (see Figures 25 and 26).●No proper financial system is in place in amajority of the sampled communities. Less thanone third of the communities have establisheduser fees. Even where if established, user feesare insufficient to cover costs of operation andmaintenance, repairs, and future expansionof the system. Communities do very little orno financial planning for the future.49 Possible maximum score for each component of sustainability is 100. Thus, for each of the four “factors”a maximum score of 100 is possible. These four “factor” scores are added together to give an overallsustainability score out of 400, in Figure 21.134
LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARD●●●always use their protected water source. In theassessment, more than three out of tenhouseholds did not use available protectedwater sources all the time. Simply countingthe numbers of households having accessto protected water supplies may camouflageuse problems that need to be addressed.Approaches to community financing andcommunity management need to be improvedto ensure sustainability of rural water supplyservices. Overall, the technical quality andfunctioning of water supply systems were ratedmoderately high, showing improvements intechnical sustainability over time.The score for effective management was lowwhen the community did not establish a formalmanagement committee. This was discussedin the national consultation workshop withpartners. The discussion concluded thatmanagement options need to be offeredtogether with the various technology options.Improvements in health, added convenienceand cost efficiency in the delivery of improvedwater supplies were the key benefits identifiedby households about their improved watersupplies. Both women and men mentionedbenefits related to health and hygiene asimportant in their satisfaction with improvedwater supplies.The study pinpointed many related issues onsanitation and hygiene:●●Examining the effective use and quality oflatrines revealed valuable information aboutspecific local hygiene behavior changes.Simply counting the number of latrines in eachcommunity leaves out the qualitative aspectsof latrine improvements. Existence of ahouseholds latrine does not necessarily mean●●●that the household members will use it effectivelyand keep it clean.The quality of construction, maintenance anduse of latrines was not always correlated tothe level of household income.Comfort and convenience are by far the mainbenefits reported by latrine users.No significant behavior change has occurredin terms of the disposal of infant feces.Regardless of the ownership of latrine facilities,families seem to think that a baby’s feces areharmless and therefore continue withunhygienic disposal practices.ConclusionsThis assessment is a landmark for the ruralwater supply and sanitation sector in Lao PDRand for the country as a whole. Through indepthparticipatory discussions withcommunities, local people have given valuableguidance for the future of RWSS services in LaoPDR regarding:●●●●the strengths and weaknesses of past ruralwater supply and sanitation initiatives interms of achieving goals such as increasedaccess, effective use and management ofservices, and community ability to sustain theservices;how local partners (Nam Saat and its lineagencies) can make their planning processdynamic, based upon continual learningabout problems and successes;innovative ways of addressing problems fromthe viewpoints of user communities andprimary beneficiaries; andhow to operationalize highly participatorycommunity-based models for conductingassessments of all types.135
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SustainabilityPlanning andMonitorin
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PrefaceThe mission of the Water and
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AcknowledgementsThe Participatory L
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4.9 Visualization and self-scoring
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Figure 18 KDP 2 activity cycle with
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THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINED WATER SU
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A NEW TOOL FOR PLANNERS AND MANAGER
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSkey va
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSsevera
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESS●●
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSThe MP
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSsegreg
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THE MPA IN ACTIONaction points in i
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THE MPA IN ACTION●●●●●●
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THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 15 Key element
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THE MPA IN ACTIONsuccessful or unsu
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THE MPA IN ACTIONexternal facilitat
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THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 17 Indicative
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THE MPA IN ACTIONvisits and conduct
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THE MPA IN ACTIONScoring principles
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THE MPA IN ACTION4.10 Quality contr
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THE MPA IN ACTIONExperiences with t
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THE MPA IN ACTION5Organizing and In
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Box 22 Gender and poverty analysis
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ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING THE DAT
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PARTICIPATORY TOOLS USED IN THE MPA
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Page 99 and 100: PARTICIPATORY TOOLS USED IN THE MPA
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Page 125 and 126: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEReality of e
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Page 129 and 130: ADDING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR GENDER EQ
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Page 145 and 146: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMembers
Page 147 and 148: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
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Page 159 and 160: ACHIEVING SUSTAINED SANITATION FOR
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Page 165 and 166: Appendix AInstitutions that current
Page 167 and 168: Appendix BProcess designed forPLA P
Page 169 and 170: StepNo.7.ProcessAsk “Were users e
Page 171 and 172: ReferencesBernard, Russel H. (1995)
Page 173: Wijk, Christine van. (1998). ‘Gen
Page 176: Water and Sanitation ProgramWater S
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