Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINED WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION FOR ALLIn many community water and sanitationprograms, it is common to find a substantialnumber of facilities out of order or functioningbelow expectations at any given time. It alsohappens frequently that a considerable numberof people do not use the facilities either always orduring part of the year. Often, they are reluctantto support the new provisions that do notsufficiently meet their demands.There are also communities in which thehouseholds that benefit from the better facilitiesuse and sustain them well. However, these facilitiesserve only a portion of all households. Often, thehouseholds that are excluded from basic servicesbelong to the poorest groups with the worst livingconditions. Public health benefits will not berealized in such cases, since achieving them wouldrequire a critical mass of use by all or almost allhouseholds (Esrey, 1994).Well-sustained and used water supplies andsanitation facilities mean that, for a period thatcovers the design life of the technologies used toprovide services, each member of all householdsin the project area has a regular and dependabledelivery of water - acceptable in terms of qualityand quantity, and practices safe disposal of waste365 days per year. Better sustained services (interms of those standards) were found to besignificantly positively associated with gender andsocial equity in expressing demand for andmanaging services, in a recent study of 88community-managed water supply systems in 15countries. 2As a development goal and issue, therefore,sustainability is closely linked to social equity.1.1 Defining sustainabilityand equityTo be meaningful, sustainability and equity needto be operationally defined for each developmentsector. Water and sanitation sector professionalshave reached some consensus by the late 1990sthat the following definitions offer a meaningfulstarting point for progress towards achieving thetwin goals 3 (see Figure 1).Five dimensions of sustainabilitySustainability of water supplies and sanitationhas many dimensions. The following discussionlooks at five different but interrelated dimensionsof sustainability, all with specific equityperspectives.●Technical sustainability. This refers to the reliableand correct functioning of the technology and,for water supplies, the delivery of enough waterof an acceptable quality. Equity aspects relateto the technology meeting the demands of alluser groups. Requirements for technicalsustainability include: a technically good design,which is adhered to in construction andoperation, and first-rate workmanship andmaterials.2 Greater equity between women and men and between households that are economically better and poor, insharing planning decisions, management and upkeep of community water systems, was positively andsignificantly correlated with better sustained services. (Gross, B., van Wijk, C. and Mukherjee, N., 2001).3 Improving Sustainability in RWSS Projects. Report of the South and East Asia regional water sanitationconference, Chiang Mai. 1998. Water and Sanitation Program – South Asia.Towards Sustainability with Equity. Report of the East Asia regional water and sanitation conference. ChiangMai, March 2001. Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific.2
THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINED WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION FOR ALL●Financial sustainability. Systems can only●Social sustainability. Users will only sustainfunction if financial resources meet at least theservices that satisfy their expectations. Thiscosts of operation, maintenance, and commonmeans services which they can easily access,repairs. Equity elements relate to who pays forthat are in accordance with their socio-culturalall this and how fairly payments are sharedpreferences and practices, and services thatbetween and within households.they consider worth the cost they incur to obtainthem. Equity aspects include looking at howInstitutional sustainability. To keep systemsoperational, accessible and widely used,fairly the burdens and benefits from the servicesare shared across different socio-economic,communities need institutions. Institutions havegender, and ethnic or caste groups.cultural characteristics, agreed and valuedprocedures and rules for operation, and varying●Environmental sustainability. Water resourcescapacities for management and accountability.face multiple threats. Overextraction andEquity considerations require looking at thecontamination of water sources from irrigation,extent of voice of all the user groups, especiallyindustrialization and waste disposal threatenthe poor and the women, in organizationsreliable and safe drinking water supplies.that manage and control the services.Water supplies and sanitation facilitiesFigure 1 Key aspects of sustainability of WSS servicesSocialTechnicalFinancialEnvironmentalInstitutionalSUSTAINABILITY = Continuous, satisfactory functioning and effective use of WSS services.(Effective use = use by the majority in a health-promoting and environmentally soundmanner).EQUITY = Everyone (e.g., women and men, rich and poor, social minorities, and majority groups)has equal voice and choice in decision making, equal access to information/externalinputs/benefits from projects, and shares burdens and resposibilities fairly.3
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Page 6 and 7: PrefaceThe mission of the Water and
Page 8 and 9: AcknowledgementsThe Participatory L
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Page 14 and 15: Figure 18 KDP 2 activity cycle with
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Page 57 and 58: THE MPA IN ACTIONvisits and conduct
Page 59 and 60: THE MPA IN ACTIONScoring principles
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ORGANIZING AND INTERPRETING THE DAT
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PARTICIPATORY TOOLS USED IN THE MPA
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Section 2MPAApplication Case Studie
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DO PROJECT RULES PROMOTE SUSTAINABI
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEDANIDA began
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE2. Key findi
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEReality of e
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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEAdding Accou
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ADDING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR GENDER EQ
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Table 2WSLIC 2: ADDING POVERTY ACCO
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Table 3 (continued) ADDING PERFORMA
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMembers
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDFigure 2
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARD●●
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LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMPA core
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EFFECT OF THE MPA ON GENDER RELATIO
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EFFECT OF THE MPA ON GENDER RELATIO
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ACHIEVING SUSTAINED SANITATION FOR
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HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
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HOW WELL DID THOSE DEVELOPMENT PROJ
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Appendix AInstitutions that current
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Appendix BProcess designed forPLA P
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StepNo.7.ProcessAsk “Were users e
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ReferencesBernard, Russel H. (1995)
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Wijk, Christine van. (1998). ‘Gen
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Water and Sanitation ProgramWater S
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Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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