Sustainability Planning and Monitoring

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FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEFrom Theory to PracticeA study of rural water supply and sanitaion strategy implementation:PADEAR 32 in BeninSuzanne Reiff 33BackgroundIn 1994, the Direction of Hydraulics in Benin,with the support of the Water and SanitationProgram (WSP), developed a rural water supplyand sanitation strategy which consisted ofimplementing a demand-responsive approachbased on the principles of communityparticipation and decision making. The strategyenabled communities to participate in the projectonce the required communitycontribution (approximately 5 percent ofinvestment costs) was collected anddeposited in a bank account. Thecommunities (including both men andwomen) were enabled to choose theirtechnological option (improved well,hand pump, and piped water systems)with full knowledge of the recurrent costsand maintenance for which they wereresponsible. Community managementcommittees were set up by thecommunities themselves and wereresponsible for the management of the systemas well as small repairs, which were to befinanced from the sale of water. This strategy wastested in two regions (Zou and Atlantique) duringa pilot project co-financed by IDA (InternationalDevelopment Association) and DANIDA (DanishInternational Development Agency). Soon after theimplementation of this project, GTZ (GermanAgency for Technical Cooperation) and KFWdecided to follow suit and supported PADEARprojects in two other regions of Benin. In 1999,32 Projet d’Assistance au Développement du secteur d’alimentation en Eau potable et de l’Assainissement enmilieu Rural.33 Suzanne Reiff, Gender and Environmental Health Specialist, WSP - Africa.104
FROM THEORY TO PRACTICEDANIDA began supporting another PADEARproject in two more regions in the north. DANIDAhas also continued to support an intermediaryphase in the regions of the Zou and Atlantiqueas the PADEAR IDA/DANIDA came to a close inDecember 2000. Moreover, the Belgian TechnicalCooperation is about to start supporting anotherPADEAR project in the last region which was notcovered yet by the PADEAR strategy.During the mid-term review of the PADEAR IDA/DANIDA project, it became clear that gender andpoverty issues were not being adequatelyaddressed. Hence, towards the end of this projectan evaluation was carried out using the MPAwith an aim to look at gender, equity and thelong-term sustainability aspects of this project.The methodology and the findings of theevaluation were presented to the different actorsin the RWSS sector in Benin and were wellreceived by the Government of Benin (GOB) aswell as by the donors. This led to requests fromPADEAR IDA/DANIDA to use the MPA in anadapted form for a poverty study and from theGTZ/KFW PADEAR project to evaluate the initialphase of the project. The findings of theseevaluations and studies and the lessons learnedfrom the implementation of the MPA are presentedin this case study, as well as the future plans forthe use of this methodology in Benin.1. Application of the MPA inBenin: lessons from threeprojectsPADEAR IDA/DANIDAThe first application of the MPA was carried outduring the evaluation of the PADEAR IDA/DANIDAproject. A training was organized for some twentypeople including government personnel, projectstaff and eight independent extension workers whohad not previously been involved in the projectbut were well acquainted with the regions. Theseextension workers were then requested to carryout the community level assessments. The sampleconsisted of twenty villages from the two regionswhere the systems had been operational onaverage for two years . 34 One male and one femaleextension worker made up one team, and theyspent at least four days with each village.Generally the methodology was well appreciatedby the extension workers and community members,although in several villages people commentedthat the exercises were very time consuming andgot in the way of their daily duties. This is likely tohappen when facilitators do not plan sessions inconsultation with villagers, at times convenient tothem.A policy level discussion using the MPA processwas also carried out with staff from the nodalMinistry, the regional representatives of the Ministry,the NGOs, and members of the Community WaterCommittees. Finally, a high level policydiscussion was held with the Director of Water,the Director of Sanitation, and their assistants.This discussion once again looked at the overallimplementation of the strategy. Also, a discussionwas held around the themes of equity, costsharingand cost-recovery, communityparticipation, and whether this was a pro-poorstrategy and a gender-sensitive one.PADEAR-DANIDAThis project is the continuation of the first PADEARIDA/DANIDA project and is now solely financedby DANIDA. The MPA was used in this project to34 For more information on this evaluation please refer to: ‘Les hommes et les femmes du Bénin évaluent leursprojet d’approvisionnement en eau potable et d’assainissement – Leçons d’une évaluation participative 20 duPADEAR IDA/DANIDA.105
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PrefaceThe mission of the Water and
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AcknowledgementsThe Participatory L
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4.9 Visualization and self-scoring
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Figure 18 KDP 2 activity cycle with
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THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINED WATER SU
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A NEW TOOL FOR PLANNERS AND MANAGER
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSkey va
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSsevera
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESS●●
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSThe MP
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THE MPA FRAMEWORK AND PROCESSsegreg
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THE MPA IN ACTIONaction points in i
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THE MPA IN ACTION●●●●●●
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THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 15 Key element
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THE MPA IN ACTIONsuccessful or unsu
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THE MPA IN ACTIONexternal facilitat
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THE MPA IN ACTIONBox 17 Indicative
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THE MPA IN ACTIONvisits and conduct
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THE MPA IN ACTIONScoring principles
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THE MPA IN ACTION4.10 Quality contr
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THE MPA IN ACTIONExperiences with t
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THE MPA IN ACTION5Organizing and In
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Box 22 Gender and poverty analysis
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Page 153 and 154: LOOKING BACK TO SEE FORWARDMPA core
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ReferencesBernard, Russel H. (1995)
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Wijk, Christine van. (1998). ‘Gen
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Water and Sanitation ProgramWater S
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