Juliano et al. - 1993 - Grain Quality Evaluation of World Rices

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Indonesia I ndonesia produced 44.8 million t of rough rice in 1989 (FAO 1990b). Annual consumption of milled rice per capita in 1979-81 was 126 kg (FAO 1984) and 158 kg in 1988 (Duff 1991). Per capita rice availability in 1985 was 155 kg (RCMD 1987), 140 kg in 1988 (RCMD 1989), and 140 kg in 1986-88 (FAO 1990a, IRRI 1991). A previous study of rice quality characteristics reveals that Javanese consumers prefer a smooth-textured rice ( pulen ) with intermediate AC. West and North Sumatran consumers prefer a more easily separating, high-AC rice with hard texture ( pera ) (Damardjati and Oka 1991). Traditional bulu varieties are priced more than twice that of modern varieties with similar cooking properties, except that they are aromatic and coarse-grained. A study of urban consumer preferences confirms that sticky cooked rice are premium-priced in Jakarta (Java) and Medan (Sumatra), but less sticky cooked rice is preferred in Ujung Pandang (Sulawesi) (Damardjati and Oka 1991). A market red rice sample had 20% AC; Cianjur had 19% AC (RCMD 1987,1989). Medium-sized and -shaped grains predominated over long, slender grains. Bulu or javanica upland varieties had mainly intermediate AC, low GT, medium-sized and -shaped chalky grains, and aroma. Exceptions to this were low-AC Mandolin and high-AC Jidah and Kencara Muara (Appendix). Many indica rices have the property of intermediate AC, but tend to have intermediate GT, medium-soft GC, and longer, slender grain. Cisadane, C4-63G, and IR64 are modern intermediate AC varieties that incorporate desirable taste characteristics (Damardjati and Oka 1991). Unnevehr et a1 (1985) found that retail price in Jakarta correlated negatively with L-W ratio. High-AC rices tended to have intermediate GT; black ketan waxy rices were available in Jakarta retail markets. Tidal swamp rices (n = 44) had mainly high AC, intermediate GT, and hard-medium GC. But four were waxy, one had low AC, and five had intermediate AC (Appendix). Excellent quality rices were Kapuas, Karang-Duku 1, and Tampokong Kuning (G.A. Watson, 1983, unpubl. data). Deepwater (BJM) rices, except for two waxy rices, had high AC, intermediate GT, and hard GC. Cooked rice hardness correlated significantly with grain width ( r = –0.60**, n = 50) and GC ( r = –0.73**, n = 54), whereas AC correlated with GC ( r = –0.66**, n = 119), Amylograph setback ( r = 0.56**, n = 65) and consistency (r = 0.65**), and cooked rice stickiness ( r = –0.62**, n = 27). Asia 19
Iran T he rough rice production in the Islamic Republic of Iran was 1.2 million t in 1989 (FAO 1990b). Apparent annual per capita consumption of milled rice in 1978-82 was 35 kg (ITC 1984) and milled rice food supply per capita in 1986-88 was 34 kg (FAO 1990a, IRRI 1991). About 60,000 ha of Mazandaran Province, which is about one-third of the total riceland in Iran, were planted to Amol 2 and Amol 3 (Sona) in 1984 (Dalrymple 1986). Sadri varieties, which look like Basmati rices and have a similar ability to elongate when cooked, predominated. They had low-intermediate AC and medium GC (Appendix, Table 5), but were not as aromatic as Basmati rices. The 1985 samples had more high-AC entries than earlier samples. Many had negative Amylograph setback due to high peak viscosity but 7-10 kg/7 cm 2 cooked rice Instron hardness. Cooked rice hardness correlated significantly with Amylograph setback ( r = 0.74**, n = 10) and consistency ( r = –0.65**), GC ( r = –0.70**, n = 11), alkali spreading value ( r = 0.73**), AC ( r = 0.69*), and grain width ( r = 0.60*). Gel consistency also correlated with Amylograph setback ( r = –0.79**, n = 11), AC ( r = –0.75**, n = 20), alkali spreading value ( r = –0.62**), and protein content ( r = 0.62**). Amylograph setback correlated with AC ( r = 0.76**, n = 22) and alkali spreading value ( r = 0.66**). Japan R ough rice production in Japan was 12.9 million t in 1989 (FAO 1990b). Annual consumption of milled rice per capita in 1979- 81 was 80 kg (FAO 1984), 77 kg in 1987 (Hirao 1990), 72 kg in 1986-88 (FAO 1990a, IRRI 1991), and 78 kg in 1988 (Duff 1991, RCMD 1989). Preferred varieties are Koshihikari in Niigata Prefecture and Sasanishiki in Miyagi Prefecture (Tohoku district only). Both have low AC and low-protein grains (S. Chikubu, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1990, pers. commun.). In 1989, the major varieties by area planted were Koshihikari, Sasanishiki, and Nipponbare. Starch-iodine blue value of cooked rice cooking water is 0.180 for poor-quality rices. Starch-iodine blue value was used to index AC in low-AC Japanese rices with similar grain size and shape. Six market samples had 17-20% AC while a Hokkaido-grown rice had 22% (RCMD 1987,1989). 20 Grain quality evaluation of world rices
Page 2 and 3: Grain Quality Evaluation of World R
Page 4 and 5: Contents Foreword vii Abstract viii
Page 6: Russia 61 Spain 62 Summary 63 Afric
Page 9 and 10: Abstract P hysicochemical data on p
Page 12 and 13: Introduction D ata bases are availa
Page 15: Table 2. Classification of properti
Page 18 and 19: (100:2 w/w) using a Labconco or Kin
Page 20 and 21: Gel consistency Rice flour prepared
Page 22 and 23: excessive pressure on the load cell
Page 24 and 25: Asia I n 1989, Asia produced 449.3
Page 27 and 28: Most Bangladeshi rice varieties are
Page 29 and 30: Cambodia A nnual rough rice product
Page 31: Type III, high-AC rice, has low wat
Page 35 and 36: The Korean varieties had low-interm
Page 37 and 38: Serendah Kuning had high AC, with e
Page 39 and 40: all had low AC (except for Khaupher
Page 41 and 42: Philippines T he Philippines produc
Page 43 and 44: elatively low AC (Y.C. Teng, Counci
Page 45 and 46: other market samples had low AC, ex
Page 47 and 48: Summary Medium grains predominate i
Page 49 and 50: Grain length and width were negativ
Page 51: Table 6. Protein content and classi
Page 54 and 55: (Dalrymple 1986). A market sample o
Page 56 and 57: ack ( r = 0.89*) and peak viscosity
Page 58 and 59: IRRI analyses confirmed Webb's phys
Page 60 and 61: BraziI A nnual rough rice productio
Page 62 and 63: long, slender grain and translucenc
Page 64 and 65: Rices from Paraguay had mostly high
Page 66 and 67: Venezuela R ough rice production in
Page 69 and 70: Europe E urope produced 2.2 million
Page 72 and 73: France F rance produced 96,000 t of
Page 74 and 75: no aroma. A market sample of short-
Page 76 and 77: low GT, and mainly soft GC (Table 7
Page 78: Summary The japonica type varieties
Page 81: Table 8. Protein content and classi
Page 84 and 85:
setback ( r = 0.92**, n = 12) and c
Page 86 and 87:
Suakoko 8, well-suited for cultivat
Page 88 and 89:
unpubl. data). Protein content was
Page 90 and 91:
Sierra Leone R ough rice production
Page 92 and 93:
Summary High-AC rices predominate i
Page 94 and 95:
Table 9. Classification of O. glabe
Page 96:
Table 11. Summary of protein conten
Page 99 and 100:
References cited Adewusi A O, Nyant
Page 101 and 102:
Juliano B O (1985) Criteria and tes
Page 103 and 104:
Acknowledgments The data on propert
Page 105 and 106:
France — Laboratoire de Cereales,
Page 107 and 108:
Sources of 1990 grain quality infor
Page 109 and 110:
Cross reference index of variety na
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Acronyms of rice varieties/lines Co
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H H H HSC IAC ICA ICTA IET IGP INIA
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RP RPW RTN RU S SL SLU SML SPR SR T
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Appendix Quality characteristics of
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Date Amy- Alkali Gel Amylograph vis
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Date Crop analyzed year (mo) (yr) A
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