Juliano et al. - 1993 - Grain Quality Evaluation of World Rices

no aroma. A market sample of short-grained Hungarian milled rice
had 22% AC, low GT, and 7.8% protein (RCMD 1987).
Long grains predominated over medium and short grains, and
medium shape predominated over bold and slender (Appendix). The
Hungarian rices had mainly intermediate-low AC, low GT, and medium
GC (Table 7). The preferred variety, Oryzella, had intermediate
AC, low GT, and long, medium-shaped grain (Appendix). Ringola,
Sandora, and Karmina had the same traits, except Karmina which had
slightly shorter grain. Low-AC samples in 1989 had softer cooked rice
(4.5-5.2 kg/7 cm 2 Instron hardness) than intermediate-AC rices (6.5-
7.6 kg/7 cm 2 ). Only G-238/SZ-11 had high protein with 10.7%.
Grain length and width were significantly correlated (r = –0.53**,
n = 38). Cooked rice stickiness correlated with cooked rice hardness
( r = –0.85**, n = 12), GC ( r = 0.76**, n = 121, and Amylograph consistency
( r = –0.68*). Cooked rice hardness correlated with Amylograph peak
viscosity (r = 0.60**, n = 38) and setback (r = –0.35**), and GC
( r = –0.69**). Amylose content correlated with Amylograph setback
(r = 0.52**, n = 42) and consistency (r = 0.52**), alkali spreading value
(r = 0.44**, n = 42), grain width ( r = –0.33*, n = 38), and GC ( r = –0.32*,
n = 39).
Italy
I
taly
produced 1.2 million t of rough rice in 1989 (FAO 1990b).
Mean per capita consumption of milled rice was 4 kg/yr in 1979-
81 (FAO 1984), 4.8 kg (Juliano et al 1990) or 5.2 kg (RCMD 1989)
in 1988, and 4.8 kg/yr in 1986-88 (FAO 1990a).
Long, coarse-grained varieties with excellent water absorption and
high AC are generally preferred (R. Carriere, Associazione Industrie
Risiere Italiene, 1990, pers. commun.). Regional preferences are also
observed, but trademarks are becoming more important relative to
variety name. Major varieties planted in 1988 were Lido (49,000 ha),
Arborio (22,000 ha), Balilla (20,000 ha), Europa (13,000 ha), and Ringo
and Sant Andrea (11,000 ha each) (Baldi et al 1989). Reported AC values
were Arborio, 19.6%; Balilla, 20.7%; Europa, 19.7%; Ringo, 19.3%; and
Sant Andrea, 19.0% (Baldi et al 1978). Newer varieties, such as Bonnet
Bell and Elio, had 24% AC (Baldi et al 1989). Market samples had 16-
21% AC (RCMD 1987,1989).
In a survey of Rome retail rice markets in May 1988, Italian brown
and milled raw and parboiled rices had mainly low AC, low GT, and
more soft gel than medium gel (Juliano et al 1990, Kaosa-ard and
Europe 59