POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

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THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION TABLE 2.4.3 Managed solitary bees and the opportunities they offer and – respectively – risks they pose to their environment Species Originating (or.) and managed in (since) Crops pollinated Effects on Crop pollination Wild pollinators Anthophora pilipes shaggy fuzzyfoot bee Japan (or.) USA (introduced in 1988) Germany (1990) Japan (1990), Blueberries orchards POSITIVE Superior pollinator of blueberries in Japan. [1,2] European subspecies of this bee has been managed to increase the pollination of fruit trees and orchards. [3] HIGH CONFIDENCE NONE described but being used without noticeable side effects for decades in its original location. MEDIUM CONFIDENCE Megachile pugnata sunflower leafcutter bee North-America (or.) (1990s) Sunflower POSITIVE Increased sunflower pollination. Active earlier during the days, than honeybees or bumblebees. [4] HIGH CONFIDENCE NONE described, but being used without noticeable side effects for decades in its original location. MEDIUM CONFIDENCE 88 2. DRIVERS OF CHANGE OF POLLINATORS, POLLINATION NETWORKS AND POLLINATION M. rotundata alfalfa leafcutter bee Nomia melanderi alkali bee Osmia cornifrons hornfaced bee O. cornuta horned bee Europe (or.) USA (1930) Western Canada (1962) New Zealand (introduced in 1971) Australia (introduced in 1987) USA (or.) (1940) New Zealand (introduced in 1964) Japan (or.) (1960) USA (introduced beginning of 1980s), Korea, China (1990s) Europe (or.), Spain, France and Yugoslavia Alfalfa, lowbush blueberry, carrots, vegetables, canola, melon, sweet clover, cranberry Red clover, alfalfa Orchards, especially apple, mustard Orchards, oilseed rape, Blackberry POSITIVE In USA tripled alfalfa seed production. In New Zealand, bees have been observed foraging on 10 different introduced plant species from the families Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Crassulaceae and Fabaceae. In Canadal Leafcutter bees saved the alfalfa industry. [5,6] HIGH CONFIDENCE POSITIVE Greater seed production in lucerne. Both males and females are superior to honeybees in pollinating alfalfa. [5] HIGH CONFIDENCE POSITIVE The hornfaced bee is 80 times more effective than honeybees for pollinating apples. In Japan, where hornfaced bees pollinate up to 70 percent of the country’s apple crop. [8] HIGH CONFIDENCE POSITIVE Generally increases crop pollination [9] and especially apple. Osmia pollinated orchards produce enhanced yields in favourable years. Also safeguard a yield in years that would otherwise be devoid of any yield [10] . HIGH CONFIDENCE NONE described but being used without noticeable side effects for decades in its original location. MEDIUM CONFIDENCE NONE described in New Zealand and Australia. Although competition for nesting sites may occur with the native Hylaeus spp. low abundance, restricted distribution and preferences for introduced plants suggest that these managed bees are unlikely to pose a competitive threat to native pollinators. [6] LOW CONFIDENCE NONE. Alkali bees have specific nesting requirements restricting their spread, no competition for nesting sites with native bees was noted in New Zealand. [6] LOW CONFIDENCE NONE described, but being used without noticeable side effects for decades in its original location and where introduced MEDIUM CONFIDENCE NONE described, but being used without noticeable side effects for decades in its original location and in the US. MEDIUM CONFIDENCE O. lignaria blue orchard bee North America (or.) (1970) Orchards POSITIVE Orchard pollination. They are particularly efficient pollinators of fruit trees, promote cross-pollination and increase yield in cultivars that require cross-pollination. [11,12] HIGH CONFIDENCE NONE described, but being used without noticeable side effects for decades in its original location. MEDIUM CONFIDENCE O. bicornis red mason bee Europe (or.) Germany (2010) Poland (2012) Oilseed rape, blackcurrant, strawberries, orchards POSITIVE They are efficient pollinators of blackcurrant [13] and strawberries also in tunnels. [14,15] HIGH CONFIDENCE NONE described, but being used without noticeable side effects for decades in its original location. MEDIUM CONFIDENCE References [1] Batra, 1994; [2] Stubbs and Drummond, 1999; [3] Thalann and Dorn, 1990; [4] Parker and Frohlich, 1985; [5] Cane, 2002; [6] Howlett and Donovan, 2010; [7] Cane, 2008; [8] Maeta, 1990; [9] Krunic and Stanisavljevic, 2006; [10] Bosch and Kemp, 2002; [11] Bosch, et al., 2006; [12] Torchio, 1985; [13] Fliszkiewicz et al., 2011; [14] Wilkaniec et al., 1997; [15] Schindler and Peters, 2011.
THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION non-indigenous, foreign, exotic) species, subspecies, or lower taxon occurring outside of its natural range (past or present) and dispersal potential (i.e. outside the range it occupies naturally or could occupy without direct or indirect introduction or care by humans) and includes any part, gametes or propagule of such species that might survive and subsequently reproduce (IUCN, 2000). ‘Alien invasive species’ are alien species that become established in natural or semi-natural ecosystems, and are an agent of change, threatening native biological diversity (IUCN, 2000). In this section we assess the evidence for impacts by alien invasive species on native pollinators, plant-pollinator interactions and pollinator community networks. We assess impacts from different invasive alien groups accidentally or deliberately introduced beyond their natural range, namely: flowering plants (2.5.2); herbivores that consume pollinator food plants (2.5.3); predators (2.5.4); and competitors (other pollinators) (2.5.5) (Traveset and Richardson, 2006). The effects of invasive alien pests and pathogens of pollinators are dealt with separately in the preceding section (2.4) on pollinator diseases and management. The main sources (meta-analyses, reviews) and scope of evidence used in the assessment of the impact of invasive alien plants, pollinators, herbivores and predators on native pollinator species, networks and pollination are summarized in Table 2.5.1. 2.5.2 Invasive alien plants Alien plant dispersal has increased worldwide, both accidentally (e.g., contamination of agricultural cargo) and deliberately (e.g., for horticulture) (Hulme, 2009). Introduced alien plants may establish and prosper because they: i) escaped biotic constraints; ii) occupy a vacant ecological niche – either pre-existing or due to ecosystem disturbance; iii) possess novel weapons or phenotypic plasticity conferring ecological advantage; and iv) evolved increased competitive ability following colonisation outside of their range (Bossdorf et al., 2005; Cappuccino and Arnason, 2006; Catford et al., 2012; Mack et al., 2000; Uesugi and Kessler, 2013). When involved in mutualistic interactions (such as pollination), the interaction strength (extent of mutual dependence between interacting species shaped by the probability of encounter and their separate phylogenetic histories) may be important for the persistence of invasive TABLE 2.5.1 Main sources (meta-analyses, reviews) and scope of evidence used in assessment of the impact of invasive alien plants, pollinators, herbivores and predators on native pollinator species, networks and pollination. Citation Aizen, et al. (2008). PLoS Biology 6, e31. Albrecht, et. al. (2014) Proceedings of the Royal Society-B: 281. Montero-Castano & Vilà (2012) Journal of Ecology 100, 884-893. Morales & Traveset (2009) Ecology Letters 12, 716- 728. Carvalheiro et al. (2014) Ecology Letters, 17, 1389- 1399 Bjerknes et. al. (2007) Biological Conservation 138, 1-12. Desurmont et al. (2014) Plant, cell & environment 37, 1854-1865. Kenis et al. (2009). Biological Invasions, 11, 21-45. Study type Metaanalysis Metaanalysis Metaanalysis Metaanalysis Metaanalysis Review UN geographical regions (numeric code) Topic Effect of invasive South America-Argentina (005-032)/ Eastern Africa-Mauritius (014-480)/ Southern Europe – Azores(Portugal) (039-620) Northern Europe-UK (154-826), Western Europe-Germany (155-276), Southern Europe –Spain (039-724), Eastern Africa-Mauritius (014-480), South America-Argentina (005-032) World (001) World (001) World (001) Northern America-USA-Canada (021-840-124), Western Europe- Germany (155-276), Southern Europe–Spain (039-724), Northern Europe-Norway (154-578) Impact of invasive alien plants or pollinators on networks Impact of invasive alien plants on pollinator networks Impact of alien species invasions on pollinators Effects of alien invasive plants on pollinator visitation to and reproduction of native plants Effect of the abundance, relatedness and geographic origin of co-flowering plants on insect pollination Effects of alien plant invasions on native plant pollination via competition for, or facilitation of, pollinator visits Review Northern America-USA (021-840) Disruption of chemical signaling between plants and pollinators by invasive insect herbivores Review World (001) Ecological effects of invasive alien insects - +/= Invasive animals: negative Invasive plants: +/-/= Invasive plants: - Invasive alien plants generally = (but if invasive floral traits match natives or invasive floral abundance is high then impact can be: +/-) +/-/= Hypothesised only Invasive pollinators: =/- 89 2. DRIVERS OF CHANGE OF POLLINATORS, POLLINATION NETWORKS AND POLLINATION
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FOREWORD The objective of the Inter
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THE METHODOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SC
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POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

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