POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

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THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 5.1.1 Diversity of knowledge systems and the IPBES Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . 280 5.1.2 Focus on scientific and indigenous and local knowledge systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 5.1.3 Indigenous and local knowledge systems and biocultural diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 5.1.4 Diversity of methods for eliciting values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 5.1.5 Sociocultural and holistic valuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 276 5. BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY, POLLINATORS AND THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES 5.2 POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND NATURE’S BENEFITS TO PEOPLE . . . . . . . . 288 5.2.1 Natures’s benefits to people, good quality of life and categories of values . . . . . . 288 5.2.2 Provisioning ecosystem services (socio-cultural valuation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 5.2.3 Cultural ecosystem services: sources of inspiration (socio-cultural valuation) . . . . 291 5.2.4 Cultural ecosystem services: recreational and educational values of beekeeping (socio-cultural valuation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 5.2.5 Nature’s gift: practices of ILK-holders and their extent of influence (holistic valuation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 5.2.6 Practices for valuing diversity and fostering biocultural diversity of stingless bees and pollination resources in central and south America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 5.2.7 Landscape management practices and fostering biocultural diversity for pollinators and pollination across the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 5.2.7.1 Taboos that protect pollinators and pollination resources . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 5.2.7.2 Kinship relationships that protect pollinators and pollination resources . . 297 5.2.7.3 Mental maps and animal behaviour knowledge as management practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 5.2.7.4 Fire management to enhance pollination resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 5.2.7.5 Manipulation of pollination resources in different seasons and landscapes patches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 5.2.7.6 Biotemporal indicators for management actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 5.2.7.7 Providing pollinator nesting resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 5.2.8 Diversified farming systems that influence agrobiodiversity, pollinators and pollination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 5.2.8.1 Shifting cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 5.2.8.2 Home Gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 5.2.8.3 Commodity agroforestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 5.2.8.4 Farming of domesticated and semi-domesticated bees . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 5.2.9 Innovations in honey hunting, hives, beehandling and bee products . . . . . . . . . . 303 5.2.10 Adaptation to change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 5.3 POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND GOOD QUALITY OF LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 5.3.1 Good quality of life and categories of values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 5.3.2 Heritage values, pollinators and pollination (socio-cultural valuation) . . . . . . . . . . 306 5.3.3 Identity values and pollinators (socio-cultural valuation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 5.3.4 Aesthetic values and pollinators (socio-cultural valuation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 5.3.5 Livelihoods of indigenous peoples and local communities — income, foods and medicines (holistic valuation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 5.3.6 Social relations: song, dance, art, story, rituals and sacred knowledge about pollinators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 5.3.7 Governance by, with and for pollinators and their spiritual presences among indigenous peoples and local communities (holistic valuation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION 5.4 IMPACTS, MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 5.4.1 Risks to nature’s benefits to people and good quality of life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 5.4.2 Peoples’ experiences of declines and associated drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 5.4.2.1 Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 5.4.2.2 Pesticides and herbicides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 5.4.2.3 Changes to and loss of bee management practices and knowledge . . . 321 5.4.2.4 Invasive species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 5.4.2.5 Climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 5.4.2.6 Loss of access to traditional territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 5.4.2.7 Changes to and loss of traditional knowledge, tenure and governance systems that protect pollination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 5.4.2.8 Pollination governance deficits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 5.4.3 Introduction to management and mitigation options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 5.4.4 Management and mitigation options most relevant to the agricultural sector . . . . 324 5.4.4.1 Food security and ecological intensification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 5.4.5 Management and mitigation options most relevant to the nature conservation sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 5.4.5.1 Heritage listing and protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 5.4.5.2 Participatory management approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 5.4.5.3 Biocultural approaches to conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 5.4.5.4 Strengthening traditional governance that supports pollinators . . . . . . . . 328 5.4.6 Management and mitigation options most relevant to the pollinator management and beekeeping sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 5.4.6.1 Livelihoods and beekeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 5.4.7 Management and mitigation options most relevant as integrated responses . . . . 332 5.4.7.1 Values and frames approaches to conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 5.4.7.2 Rights-based approaches to conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 5.4.7.2.1 Prior and Informed Consent over conservation and development projects and knowledge responses . . . . . . . . . . 333 5.4.7.2.2 Securing tenure over traditional lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 5.4.7.3 Knowledge co-production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 5.4.7.4 Collaborative governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 277 5. BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY, POLLINATORS AND THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES 5.5 METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 5.5.1 Review protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 5.5.2 Initial scoping literature review and development of FOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 5.5.3 ILK scoping literature review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 5.5.4 ILK global and community dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 5.5.5 Gap-filling literature review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 5.6 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
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FOREWORD The objective of the Inter
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THE METHODOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SC
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POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

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