POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

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THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION 310 5. BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY, POLLINATORS AND THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES Butterflies are also commonly used as symbols of nations and states, and in festivals across the globe (Howse, 2010). The endemic birdwing butterfly Troides darsius is recognised as the national butterfly of Sri Lanka (van der Poorten et al., 2012). Twenty-three states in the United States of America have butterflies as their state insects, commonly the monarch, which is also used in corporate symbols. In Africa, the Bwa of Burkina Faso dance at agricultural festivals wearing huge butterfly masks, up to seven feet across, with circles and designs representing the markings on the wings, to symbolise fertility and new life brought by the first rains (Wheelock and Roy, 2007) (Figure 5-20). Celtic culture in Europe uses butterflies as symbols of rebirth and transformation in contemporary culture shamanistic practices and Celtic designs in diverse crafts, including body tattoos (Pearce, 1996; Conway, 2001). Bumble bees have symbolic significance among many north and central American peoples: the Chiricauhua Apaches have a myth that bumble bees preserve fire in their home in a yucca stalk; Shasta people tell of bumble bees surviving the flood (Farrand and Frachtenberg, 1915; Olper, 1942). The Nadaco (or Anadarko) tribe from eastern Texas are named Nadá-kuh meaning “bumble bee place” (Fogelson and Sturtevant, 2004) and the Hohokam had a ‘Bumblebee Village’ (Ferg et al., 1984). For Thalhuicas (Pjiekakjoo) people in Mexico, bumble bees themselves symbolise the ancestors’ souls that appear around the day of the death to visit their families (Aldasoro, 2012). 5.3.4 Aesthetic values and pollinators (socio-cultural valuation) Pollinators are valued indirectly via their link to insectpollinated plants, particularly those with showy flowers such as orchids, roses, sunflowers and many others that are aesthetically important as components of landscapes, vistas, gardens or parks (Hochtl et al., 2007; Schmitt and Rakosy, 2007; Wratten et al., 2012) (Figure 5-21). Traditional European agricultural landscapes with flowering plants are also highly regarded for their cultural values (Reif et al., 2005; Rusdea et al., 2005). In Switzerland, studies have shown that people favour improving and creating field margins as habitat for species, landscape diversity and aesthetic value, and also showed marked preference for the season when plants are flowering (Junge et al., 2009, 2015). Traditional European beekeeping apiaries and their protective structures also add aesthetic value to the landscapes. Apiaries are built in specific areas in order to protect bees from cold, heat, wind and predators. In Slovenia, little wooden houses that protects bees are painted with pictures, so that bees can find them more easily, and to help the beekeeper distinguish hives and remember which colonies had already swarmed. The picturesque images depicting historical events, Bible stories, and everyday village life, enrich the cultural Slovenian heritage, transforming the landscape into an outdoor art gallery (Rivals 1980, Beattie, 2006). The Museum of Ancient Beekeeping in Lithuania, in the Aukštaitija National Park, celebrates the God of bees Babilas and the goddess Austėja from Lithuanian mythology and is surrounded by wooden sculptures representing the mythology of the origin of the bee in different cultures: Egyptians, American Indians and Lithuanians (Association of Lithuanian Museums, 2014). In Southern Europe, especially in France and Spain, it is common to meet specific apiaries, called mur à abeilles (bee-walls) directly constructed in a rock wall or protected by an enclosure in the landscape. Similar beekeeping apiaries are found in other European countries, especially those where rock is frequently used for human constructions (Mestre and Roussel, 2005). FIGURE 5-20 Bwa butterfly plank mask. Wood, paint and rafia. © Christopher D. Roy. Reproduced with permission. The butterfly (horizontal) mask is danced in a festival, and symbolises the life-giving power of nature.
THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION FIGURE 5-21 Gardens for pollinators A) Bombus spp. in Oxford Gardens. © Berta Martin-López. Reproduced with permission. B) Bombus spp. in gardens of the Colombian Andes (La Calera, Cundinamarca). © Guiomar Nates. Reproduced with permission. 311 5. BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY, POLLINATORS AND THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES C) The BEE-UTIFUL Gardens at Lake Merritt, California.
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POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

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