POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION
6.4.2.5 Heavy metals and other pollutants ..................................388
6.4.2.6 Genetically modified organisms . ....................................388
6.4.2.6.1 Legal responses . .......................................388
6.4.2.6.2 Knowledge responses . ..................................390
6.4.3 Nature conservation . .....................................................390
6.4.3.1 Technical responses . .............................................390
6.4.3.1.1 Habitat management ....................................390
6.4.3.1.2 Landscape planning and connectivity . .....................391
6.4.3.1.3 Non-timber forest products ...............................391
6.4.3.1.4 Invasive species . ........................................392
6.4.3.1.5 Species-focused conservation actions .....................392
6.4.3.2 Legal responses ..................................................393
6.4.3.2.1 Species listing and trade regulation ........................393
6.4.3.2.2 Protected areas and other area-based conservation measures ...394
6.4.3.3 Economic responses . .............................................394
6.4.3.4 Social and behavioural responses ...................................395
6.4.3.5 Knowledge responses .............................................396
6.4.4 Pollinator management and beekeeping .....................................396
6.4.4.1 Technical responses ..............................................397
6.4.4.1.1 Improve husbandry of managed pollinators .................397
6.4.4.1.1.1 General management .........................397
6.4.4.1.1.2 Manage pathogen and parasite threats ..........398
6.4.4.1.1.3 Genetic management .........................402
6.4.4.1.1.4 Reduce pesticide threats ......................403
6.4.4.1.1.5 Manage symbionts and commensals. . . . . . . . . . ..403
6.4.4.1.2 Improve pollination efficacy of managed pollinators
(crop-focused) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
6.4.4.1.3 Develop alternative managed pollinators . ...................404
6.4.4.1.4 Provide resources for managed pollinators (food/nesting) .....404
6.4.4.1.5 Boost native pollinators by translocation ....................404
6.4.4.2 Legal responses . .................................................405
6.4.4.3 Economic responses . .............................................405
6.4.4.4 Social and behavioural responses . ..................................406
6.4.4.5 Knowledge responses . ............................................406
6.4.5 Urban and transport infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
6.4.5.1 Technical responses ..............................................406
6.4.5.1.1 Conserving pollinators’ habitat ............................406
6.4.5.1.2 Urban landscapes .......................................409
6.4.5.1.3 Urban green spaces .....................................409
6.4.5.1.4 Retain unmanaged urban land ............................410
6.4.5.1.5 Adding artificial nests and food ............................410
6.4.5.1.6 Management of right-of-way infrastructure ..................410
6.4.5.2 Legal responses . .................................................411
6.4.5.3 Economic responses . .............................................411
6.4.5.4 Social and behavioural responses . ..................................411
6.4.5.4.1 Community engagement .................................411
6.4.6 Policy, research and knowledge exchange across sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
6.4.6.1 Summary of experience across sectors . .............................412
6.4.6.2 Legal integrated responses ........................................413
6.4.6.2.1 Large-scale land-use planning ............................413
6.4.6.2.2 High-level initiatives, strategies and policies
focused on pollinators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
6.4.6.3 Integrated knowledge responses . ..................................414
6.4.6.3.1 Changing behaviour through engagement and education .....414
363
6. RESPONSES TO RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES ASSOCIATED
WITH POLLINATORS AND POLLINATION