POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
6.1 INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
6.2 SUMMARY OF RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH
POLLINATORS AND POLLINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
6.2.1 An overview of direct risks associated with pollinator decline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
6.2.1.1 Linking risks to drivers . ............................................371
6.2.1.2 Other perspectives on risk . ........................................371
6.2.2 Opportunities to benefit pollinators and improve pollination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
6.3 TYPOLOGY OF RESPONSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
6.3.1 Combining and integrating responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
362
6. RESPONSES TO RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES ASSOCIATED
WITH POLLINATORS AND POLLINATION
6.4 OPTIONS TO RESTORE AND STRENGTHEN POLLINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
6.4.1 Agricultural, agro-forestry and horticultural practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
6.4.1.1 Technical responses . .............................................375
6.4.1.1.1 Conserve or sow field margins within or around crops . . . . . . . . 375
6.4.1.1.2 Provide nesting resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
6.4.1.1.3 Sow mass-flowering crops and manage the timing of blooming . . . 376
6.4.1.1.4 Organic farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
6.4.1.1.5 No-till farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
6.4.1.1.6 Change irrigation frequency or type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
6.4.1.1.7 Change management of productive grasslands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
6.4.1.1.8 Diversify farming systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
6.4.1.1.9 Make crops more attractive to pollinators,
to enhance pollination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
6.4.1.1.10 Monitor and evaluate pollinators and pollination on farms . . . . . . 378
6.4.1.1.11 Reduce dependence on pollinators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
6.4.1.1.12 Adapt farming methods to climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
6.4.1.2 Legal responses . .................................................379
6.4.1.3 Economic responses . .............................................379
6.4.1.4 Social and behavioural responses . ..................................380
6.4.1.5 Knowledge responses . ............................................381
6.4.2 Pesticides, pollutants and genetically modified organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
6.4.2.1 Technical responses ..............................................381
6.4.2.1.1 Risk assessment techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
6.4.2.1.2 Risk mitigation technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
6.4.2.1.3 Best management practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
6.4.2.1.4 Reduce pesticide use (includes Integrated Pest Management) . . . . 385
6.4.2.2 Legal responses ..................................................385
6.4.2.2.1 Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
6.4.2.2.2 Labelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
6.4.2.2.3 Compulsory training and education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
6.4.2.2.4 Bans and moratoriums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
6.4.2.2.5 Options to strengthen pesticide regulation globally . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
6.4.2.2.6 Global Code of Conduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
6.4.2.2.7 National risk reduction programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
6.4.2.2.8 Promoting pollinator-friendly farming and forestry practices . . . . 387
6.4.2.3 Economic responses . .............................................387
6.4.2.4 Knowledge responses . ............................................387
6.4.2.4.1 Monitoring and evaluations . ..............................387
6.4.2.4.2 Education . .............................................388
6.4.2.4.3 Research . .............................................388