POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

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THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION B. Status and trends in pollinators, pollination and pollinator-dependent crops and wild plants More food is produced every year and global agriculture’s reliance on pollinator-dependent crops has increased in volume by more than 300 per cent over the last five decades (well established). The extent to which agriculture depends on pollinators varies greatly among crops, varieties and countries (figure SPM. 4). Animal pollination benefits have increased most in the Americas, the Mediterranean, the Middle East and East Asia, mainly due to their cultivation of a variety of fruit and seed crops {3.7.2, 3.7.3, 3.7.4, 3.8.3}. FIGURE SPM. 4 XXXII World map showing agriculture dependence on pollinators (i.e., the percentage of expected agriculture production volume loss in the absence of animal pollination (categories depicted in the coloured bar) in 1961 and 2012, based on FAO dataset (FAOSTAT 2013) and following the methodology of Aizen et al. (2009). 13 SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS (A) 1961 (B) 2012 Percentage of expected agriculture loss in the absence of animal pollination No data 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 25.0 (%)
THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION FIGURE SPM. 5 World map showing the annual growth rate (per cent per year) in the number of honey bee hives for countries reporting those data to FAO between 1961 and 2012 (FAOSTAT 2013). 14 Annual growth in number of hives (1961-2012) No data −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 XXXIII 13 While global agriculture is becoming increasingly pollinator-dependent, yield growth and stability of pollinator-dependent crops are lower than those of pollinator-independent crops (well established). Yield per hectare of pollinator-dependent crops has increased less, and varies more year to year, than yield per hectare of pollinator-independent crops. While the drivers of this trend are not clear, studies of several crops at local scales show that production declines when pollinators decline. Furthermore, yields of many crops show local declines and lower stability when pollinator communities lack a variety of species (well established). A diverse pollinator community is more likely to provide stable, sufficient pollination than a less diverse community, as a result of pollinator species having different food preferences, foraging behaviour and activity patterns. Furthermore, studies at local scales show that crop production is higher in fields with diverse and abundant pollinator communities than in fields with less diverse pollinator communities. Wild pollinators, for some crops, contribute more to global crop production than do honey bees. Managed honey bees often cannot compensate fully for the loss of wild pollinators, can be less effective pollinators of many crops and cannot always be supplied in sufficient numbers to meet pollination demand in many countries (established but incomplete). However, certain wild pollinator species are dominant. It is estimated that 80 per cent of the pollination of global crops can be attributed to the activities of just 2 per cent of wild bee species. A diversity of pollination options, including both wild 13. Aizen et al. (2009) “How much does agriculture depend on pollinators? Lessons from long-term trends in crop production” Annals of Botany 103: 15791-588. and managed species, is needed in most open field systems, where weather and environment can be unpredictable (established but incomplete) {3.7.2, 3.8.2, 3.8.3}. 14 The number of managed western honey bee hives is increasing at the global scale, although seasonal colony loss is high in some European countries and in North America (well established) (figure SPM. 5). Colony losses may not always result in irreversible declines, as losses can be mitigated by beekeepers splitting colonies 15 to recover or even exceed seasonal losses. The seasonal loss of western honey bees in Europe and North America varies strongly by country, state and province and by year, but in recent decades (at least since the widespread introduction of Varroa) has often been higher than the 10-15 per cent that was previously regarded as normal (established but incomplete). Data for other regions of the world is largely lacking {2.4.2.3, 2.4.2.4, 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.4, 3.3.5}. Many wild bees and butterflies have been declining in abundance, occurrence and diversity at local and regional scales in North-West Europe and North America (established but incomplete); data for other regions and pollinator groups are currently insufficient to draw general conclusions, although local declines have been reported. At a regional level, 14. Data from the countries that were part of the former Soviet Union, the former Yugoslavia or the former Czechoslovakia were combined. 15. Bee colonies are split by taking a portion of the workers from a strong colony and a new queen reared elsewhere to form a new colony; this activity has an associated economic cost. SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
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150 THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLIN
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THE METHODOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF SC
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478 ANNEXES
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POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

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