POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

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THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION 306 5. BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY, POLLINATORS AND THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES with mite-inhibiting effects (Roué et al., 2015). In Brazil, technologies and innovations of traditional practices of stingless beekeeping have been brought together into several manuals (Nogueira-Neto, 1997; Venturieri, 2008; Witter and Nunes-Silva, 2014). Many innovations have developed from use of bee wax in east Africa. Wax is seen as a negotiable residue or can serve to repair objects, to soften skins, and to make crafts or jewellery (Gadbin, 1976; Villières, 1987). In Australia, cerumen (wax made by bees from plant materials and their excretions) has been found in protective covers, fashioned around ancient rock paintings, to protect them from rain and erosion, and to create shapes of humans, dingoes, turtles, and spirit figures on the rock surface (Halcroft et al., 2013). Cerumen is still used by Australian Aboriginal artists and craftsmen to manufacture items for use and sale including hunting tools such as spears (“kek”) and woomeras (“thul”), as well as firesticks “(thum pup”) and mouth pieces for didgeridoos, a traditional musical instrument (Yunkaporta, 2009; Koenig et al., 2011). 5.2.10 Adaptation to change Beekeeping has been demonstrated to be closely linked with traditional knowledge and adaptation to climate change in Ethiopia (Bogale, 2009; Kumsa and Gorfu, 2014), and it is connected to self-reliance in Southern Africa (Illgner et al., 1998; Nel et al., 2000). Seven mechanisms of environmental adaptation have been identified among the Xingu Kawaiwete (Kaibai) of Brazil: 1) knowledge innovation in development of nomenclature for ecological zones and new species of bees; 2) increase in diversity of resources used for different purposes (e.g., to build canoes) due to village sedentarization and scarcity of important forest CASE EXAMPLE 5-12 INNOVATIONS TO FOSTER POLLINATORS AND POLLINATION BASED ON TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES Location: Central America and Colombia Indigenous women; Florina López Miro, oral presentation, p. 39 (López et al., 2015) resources; 3) agrobiodiversity conservation and recuperation of crop diversity, including through cultivating pollinator resources; 4) travel to ancestral land to collect resources; 5) substitution with other local species; 6) exchange of varieties and seeds among families, villages and other ethnic groups; 7) semi-domestication (e.g., of invasive bees) or intentional management – through experiments for planting and protecting key resources (Athayde et al., 2006; Athayde, 2010; Athayde, 2015) (Case example 5-12). 5.3 POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND GOOD QUALITY OF LIFE 5.3.1 Good quality of life and categories of values Pollinators support numerous categories of value that contribute to good quality of life (Table 5-2). Here we consider three categories of relational values through a socio-cultural valuation lens — heritage, aesthetics and identity — and a further three categories through a holistic valuation lens — livelihoods, social relations and governance. 5.3.2 Heritage values, pollinators and pollination (socio-cultural valuation) Heritage can be understood as tangible physical objects and places that are passed between generations, and intangible aspects such as language or practices. Historical features, practices and places are considered heritage Co-produced case example Underpinned by direct interactions with indigenous and local knowledge-holders “In many cases insects like bees and butterflies that we used to see in great quantities in our communities are not there anymore. Regarding food production, we have lost our people’s tradition seeds and propagules because the work of the pollinators has been affected. Our knowledge has been eroded by the impact of climate change in our communities, related to the loss of traditional seeds and propagules.” “Many women in different places traditionally manage and control the seeds and propagules, but this is decreasing. Now women are working to recover IK and use seeds (which require pollination) as well as propagules, for example, in the processing of yuca (Manihot esculenta). In Colombia, a group of Witoto (Huitoto) women working to recuperate traditional seeds are running a restaurant that sells traditional cuisine … they’ve developed a fruit ice cream [that provides income]. In other words, they are developing projects to support biocultural diversity, [including seeds requiring pollination, not just vegetative propagation]. In Guatemala, Mayan women are working on orchid production, encouraging pollination. In El Salvador, they are working with petals of the veranera flower to produce a medicinal syrup. We are also working with young people. In sum, we are innovating with IK, looking for ways to improve traditional techniques …Pollination is very important.”
THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION because we ascribe value to them (Muňoz Viňas, 2005). The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 5 and the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 6 are international agreements to recognize and protect intangible and tangible heritage, and several have been listed where the heritage values depend on peoples’ interactions with pollinators and pollination webs. The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems 7 (GIAHS), an initiative of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, supported by a number of partners, has five criteria for selection, one of which (biodiversity and ecosystem function) specifically recognizes pollinators and pollination services. The GIAHS initiative aims to safeguard and protect the world’s agricultural systems and landscapes that have been created, shaped and maintained by generations of farmers and herders based on diverse natural resources, using locally-adapted management practices (Koohafkan and Altieri, 2011). There are now 32 designated GIAHS sites globally, and a further 95 potential sites, of an estimated 200 diverse systems around the world (FAO, 2015). The designated Pu’er Traditional Tea Agrosystem of China 5. http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/convention 6. http://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/ 7. http://www.fao.org/giahs/giahs-home/tr/ FIGURE 5-16 recognises the agro-biocultural diversity of (pollinatordependent) wild tea tree populations, together with tea plantations that rely on traditional multi-layered forest cultivation methods of the Blang, Dai, Hani and other minorities, and their local institutions that protect the ancient plantations 8,9 . The designated Lemon Gardens of Southern Italy recognises the unique pergola-growing that produces distinctively flavoured high-value (pollinator-assisted) lemons grown in small farms that rely on traditional intensive labour systems 10 . The Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage has recognised the “Argan practices and know-how concerning the argan tree (Argania spinosa)” from Morocco as globally significant. This cultural heritage relies on insect-pollination success to produce a fruit with diverse forms that is harvested, dried, pulped, ground, sorted, milled and mixed to derive an oil used in cooking, medicines and cosmetics, relying on traditional knowledge of recipes and tools (Bani- Aameur and Ferradous, 2001). Other listed Intangible Cultural Heritage that rely on successful pollination of particular fruits include Kimjang, making and sharing kimchi 8. http://www.fao.org/giahs/giahs-sites/asia-and-the-pacific/puertraditional-tea-agrosystem-china/en/ 9. http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5810/ 10. http://www.fao.org/giahs/giahs-sites/europe/lemon-gardenssouthern-italy/detailed-information/en/ Colombian coffee landscape in the Risaralda Department. © Catalina Gutiérrez Chacón, Reproduced with permission. 307 5. BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY, POLLINATORS AND THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES
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POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

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