POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

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THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION BACKGROUND TO POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION XXVI Pollination is the transfer of pollen between the male and female parts of flowers to enable fertilization and reproduction. The majority of cultivated and wild plants depend, at least in part, on animal vectors, known as pollinators, to transfer pollen, but other means of pollen transfer such as selfpollination or wind-pollination are also important {1.2}. FIGURE SPM. 1 Global diversity of wild and managed pollinators. Examples provided here are purely illustrative and have been chosen to reflect the wide variety of animal pollinators found regionally. NORTH AMERICA WILD POLLINATORS MANAGED POLLINATORS SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS Pollinators comprise a diverse group of animals dominated by insects, especially bees, but also include some species of flies, wasps, butterflies, moths, beetles, weevils, thrips, ants, midges, bats, birds, primates, marsupials, rodents and reptiles (figure SPM. 1). While nearly all bee species are pollinators, a smaller (and variable) proportion of species within the other taxa are pollinators. More than 90 per cent of the leading global crop types are visited by bees and around 30 per cent by flies, while each of the other taxa visits less than 6 per cent of the crop types. A few species of bees are managed, such as the western honey bee (Apis mellifera) and eastern honey bee (Apis cerana), some bumble bees, some stingless bees and a few solitary bees; however, the vast majority of the world’s 20,077 known bee species are wild (i.e., free living and unmanaged) {1.3}. Pollinators visit flowers primarily to collect or feed on nectar and/or pollen, although a few specialist pollinators may also collect other rewards such as oils, fragrances and resins offered by some flowers. Some species of pollinators are specialists (i.e., visiting a small variety of flowering species), while others are generalists (i.e., visiting a wide range of species). Similarly, specialist plants are pollinated by a small number of species while generalist plants are pollinated by a broad range of species {1.6}. Section A of this summary examines the diversity of values 7 associated with pollinators and 7. Values: those actions, processes, entities or objects that are worthy or important (sometimes values may also refer to moral principles). Díaz et al. (2015) “The IPBES Conceptual Framework – connecting nature and people.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 14: 1–16. Leptonycteris yerbabuenae MANAGED POLLINATORS WILD POLLINATORS Frame colour indicates the main area of species’ distribution Trachylepsis atlantica Selasphorus platycercus Euphonia pectorallis Bombus ternarius Bombus dahlbomii SOUTH & CENTRAL AMERICA Bombus impatiens Epicharis rustica Melipona fasciculata WILD POLLINATORS MANAGED
THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION pollination, covering economic, environmental, sociocultural, indigenous and local perspectives. Section B characterizes the status and trends of wild and managed pollinators and pollinator-dependent crops and wild plants. Section C considers the direct and indirect drivers of plantpollinator systems and management and policy options for adaptation and mitigation when impacts are negative. The assessment report evaluates a large knowledge base of scientific, technical, socio economic and indigenous and local knowledge sources. Appendix 1 defines the central concepts used in the report and in the present summary for policymakers, and appendix 2 explains the terms used to assign and communicate the degree of confidence in the key findings. Chapter references enclosed in curly brackets in the present summary for policymakers, e.g., {2.3.1, box 2.3.4}, indicate where support for the findings, figures, boxes and tables may be found in the assessment report. EUROPE WILD POLLINATORS MANAGED POLLINATORS Bombus lapidarius Anthidium manicatum Helophilus pendulus EURASIA Apis mellifera Bombus terrestris WILD POLLINATORS MANAGED POLLINATORS Bombus rufofasciatus Junonia almana OCEANIA WILD POLLINATORS Xylocopa caerulea Apis mellifera Apis cerana MANAGED POLLINATORS XXVII SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS Trichoglossus moluccanus Cercartetus concinnus Amegilla cingulata POLLINATORS Nephele comma Gerbillurus paeba Cinnyris mariquensis Apis mellifera Meliponula ferruginea WILD POLLINATORS MANAGED POLLINATORS AFRICA
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478 ANNEXES
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POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

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