POLLINATORS POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION
486
ANNEXES
N
National
adj. Pertaining to a nation state or people
who define themselves as a nation.
A nation can be thought of as a large
number of people associated with a
particular territory and who are sufficiently
conscious of their unity to seek or to
possess a government peculiarly its own.
Native pollinator
A pollinator species living in an area where
it evolved, or dispersed without human
intervention.
Naturalized species
A species that, once it is introduced
outside its native distributional range,
establishes self-sustaining populations.
.5
Nature
In the context of the Platform, refers
to the natural world with an emphasis
on biodiversity. Within the context of
western science, it includes categories
such as biodiversity, ecosystems (both
structure and functioning), evolution,
the biosphere, humankind’s shared
evolutionary heritage, and biocultural
diversity. Within the context of other
knowledge systems, it includes
categories such as Mother Earth and
systems of life, and it is often viewed
as inextricably linked to humans, not
as a separate entity 5 .
5. Diaz et al., 2015. The IPBES Conceptual Framework
– connecting nature and people. Current Opinions in
Environmental Sustainability 14: 1-16 http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.11.002
Nature’s benefits to people
All the benefits that humanity obtains
from nature. Ecosystem goods and
services are included in this category.
Within other knowledge systems,
nature’s gifts and similar concepts
refer to the benefits of nature from
which people derive a good quality
of life. The notion of nature’s benefits
to people includes the detrimental as
well as the beneficial effects of nature
on the achievement of a good quality
of life by different people and in
different contexts. Trade-offs between
the beneficial and detrimental effects
of organisms and ecosystems are
not unusual and they need to be
understood within the context of the
bundles of multiple effects provided
by a given ecosystem within specific
contexts 5 .
Nested (in plant-pollinator networks (q.v.))
The degree to which species (plants or
pollinators) with few interaction links share
a sub-set of the links of other species,
rather than having a different set of links.
In highly nested networks, groups of
species that share more or less similar
activities contain both generalist species
(q.v.) (i. e., with many links) and specialist
species (q.v.) (i. e., with few links, but
shared with the generalists). In mutualistic
networks, such as pollination, nestedness
is often asymmetrical (q.v.), with specialists
of one group (plants or pollinators) linked
to the generalists of the partner group
(pollinators or plants).
Non-monetary valuation
The value attributable to an item or a
service without relation to any acceptable
cash price and for which a fixed or
determinable amount of currency is
absent (e.g., many ecosystem services,
interpersonal good-will, health, etc.).
O
Ontology
The study or concern about what kinds of
things exist – what entities there are in the
universe. It is a branch of metaphysics,
the study of first principles or the essence
of things.
Organic agriculture
Any system that emphasises the use of
techniques such as crop rotation, compost
or manure application, and biological pest
control in preference to synthetic inputs.
Most certified organic farming schemes
prohibit all genetically modified organisms
and almost all synthetic inputs. Its origins
are in a holistic management system that
avoids off-farm inputs, but some organic
agriculture now uses relatively high levels
of off-farm inputs.
Organic farming
Crop and livestock production using
natural sources of nutrients (such as
compost, crop residues, and manure) and
natural methods of crop and weed control,
instead of using synthetic or inorganic
agrochemicals. Genetically modified
organisms are not usually part of organic
agriculture. It is also sometimes called lowinput
farming, but may involve high inputs
of labour and be intensive in its practice.
P
Parasite
An organism that lives on or within
another organism of a different species
(the host) from which it obtains
nourishment and to which it causes harm.
Pest
An animal, plant, fungus, or other
organism that thrives in places where it is
not wanted by people, e.g., in fields, with
livestock, in forests, gardens, etc.
Pesticide
A substance that kills pests (q.v.).
Pesticides may be synthetic chemicals,
natural chemicals, or biological agents.
Plant breeding system
Attributes of the flowers within an
individual that may influence gamete
transfer among conspecifics.
Plant mating system
The mating system provides a description
of the distribution of mating unions in a