Child-and-adult-labour-in-the-export-oriented-garment-and-gem-polishing-industry-of-India

More documents

Recommendations

Info

88 The gem polishing export industry of India: Jaipur and Trichy ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Table 3 Gem & Jewellery exports from India, specified per item for April 94/March 95 compared with April 93/March 94 115 Items Target (1994-1995) in Million US$ April 94/March 95 (Provisional) Rs. in Crores Column (1) US $ in Million April 93/March 94 Rs. in Crores Column (2) US $ in Million Percentage Increase (+) or Decrease (-) of Col (1) over Col (2) Rs. in Crores US $ in Million Diamonds 4560 12573.39 4020.91 11409.88 3649.03 + 10.20 + 10.19 (Quantity) (158.07) (158.07) (139.90) (139.90) Gold Jewellery 500 1519.04 485.78 1148.69 367.35 + 32.24 + 32.24 Coloured Gemstones 442.34 141.46 311.53 99.61 + 41.99 + 42.01 Pearls 15.32 4.90 14.38 4.60 + 6.54 + 6.52 Non Gold Jewellery 35.96 11.50 23.29 7.43 + 54.40 + 54.78 Synthetic Stones 140 0.96 0.30 1.38 0.45 - 30.43 - 33.33 Costume Fashion / Jewellery 14.73 4.71 18.17 5.81 - 18.93 - 18.93 Sales to Foreign Tourists 16.00 (est) 5.12 15.58 4.98 + 2.70 + 2.81 TOTAL 5200 14617.74 4674.68 12942.90 4139.26 + 12.94 + 12.94 Note: 1. Figures in brackets show quantity in lakhs carats. 2. Above figures include exports from EOUs/EPZs. Table 4 Destinations India's exports of Gems & Jewellery items to major markets for the year 1994-95 compared with 1993-94 1994-95 (Provisional) 1993-94 Countries Rs. in crores Diamond Total Exports Diamonds Total Exports Lakh carats US$ in million Rs. in crores US$ in million Rs. in crores Lakh carats US$ in million Rs. in crores US$ in million USA 3907.35 (63.99) 1249.55 4342.20 1388.61 3586.18 (54.44) 1146.91 3903.16 1248.26 HongKong 3190.87 (35.47 1020.42 3370.69 1077.93 2805.51 (30.36) 897.26 2898.30 926.92 Belgium 1958.59 (19.54) 626.35 1965.23 628.47 1811.99 (18.67) 579.49 1817.68 581.30 Japan 1770.23 (20.05) 566.11 1811.74 579.39 1676.27 (18.60) 536.09 1716.39 548.91 Thailand 496.04 (6.90) 158.63 546.79 174.86 371.04 (5.66) 118.65 411.82 131.70 U.A.E. 27.29 (0.26) 8.73 342.98 109.68 42.98 (0.48) 13.74 353.24 112.99 Israel 324.38 (3.01) 103.74 325.32 104.04 304.35 (2.78) 97.34 306.18 97.91 Singapore 205.66 (3.15) 65.77 253.01 80.91 231.05 (3.25) 73.91 298.54 95.29 UK 74.68 (0.93) 23.88 233.99 74.83 61.31 (1.20) 19.61 171.78 54.95 Switzerland 175.47 (2.03) 56.11 208.07 66.54 120.38 (1.21) 38.52 146.34 46.80 Germany 97.33 (1.21) 31.13 33.34 42.64 104.38 (1.43) 33.37 142.09 45.45 Others 345.50 (1.53) 110.49 1084.38 346.78 294.45 (1.82) 94.14 777.38 248.78 Total 12573.39 (158.07) 4020.91 14167.74 4674.68 11409.89 (139.90) 3649.03 12942.90 4139.26 Note: Figures in brackets denote quantity in lakh carats. 115 The Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council, India, 1995, '29th Annual Report'.
The gem polishing export industry of India: Jaipur and Trichy ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── million while this was US$ 4139.26 million during the previous financial year 116 . The figure of 1994-95 is almost one fifth of the total export of US$ 25 billion by India. Coloured gem stones contributed US$ 141.46 million (3%) to the total gem and jewellery exports in 1994-95. The export of synthetic gem stones from India is negligible with US$ 0.30 million in 1994-95. Although only a three per cent share in the total export of gem and jewellery consists of coloured gem stones, the export of these stones has made, after non-gold jewellery, the highest increase in value (+ 42%) in 1994-95 as compared to 1993-94. It is a fast growing industry. Due to high earnings from selling the polished coloured gem stones and synthetic stones in the (inter)national markets, the industry is a lucrative business. The USA is the single largest importer of gems and jewellery from India (29.7 % of total gems and jewellery exports in 1994-95), as can be seen in table 4. Hongkong, Belgium and Japan are the second, third and fourth largest importers of Indian gem stones. Other major importing countries are UK, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Thailand, U.A.R. and Israel, and Singapore. Total import of 'precious and semi-precious stones other than diamonds' into the European Community in 1989 amounted to US$ 600 million 117 . India's share in the imports of worked ruby, sapphire and emeralds by the EC in 1989, was 10% (US$ 60 million), of other imported worked precious and semi-precious stones by the EC, it was 2% (US$ 12 million), and of imported articles made of precious and semi-precious stones also by the EC, India's share was another 2%. The Netherlands imported from India in 1988, necklaces, bracelets and other articles wholly made of precious and semi-precious stones, and (semi-)precious stones other than diamonds, ruby, sapphire and emerald at a total value of Dfl 332,000. In 1990 this amount was Dfl 613,000. In 1990 the Netherlands also started to import synthetic gem stones from India at the value of Dfl 4,000 118 , and in 1994 at the value of Dfl 17,000 119 . The Dutch market is growing, especially for the precious and semi-precious gem stones. It is said that India can compete in the international market, because of the availability of cheap labour 120 . The main competitors are Switzerland, Israel and Hong Kong but the labour costs are much higher in these countries. Among the cheap labourers are thousands of working children under 14 years of age 121 . In Jaipur, Rajasthan, where 95% of the exported coloured gem stones in India are cut, shaped and polished, 89 116 Child's Right Bulletin, March-April 1995; and, Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council, 29th Annual Report, 1995. 117 Centre for the Promotion of Imports from developing countries (CBI), 1991. 'Precious and semi-precious stones. A market survey of the Netherlands and other major markets in the European Community'. 118 CBI, 1991, ibid. In 1990, synthetic gem stones were imported under code nr. HS 7104 90: 'Worked synthetic or reconstructed precious and semi-precious stones'. 119 Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, Heerlen, 1996. In 1994, synthetic gem stones were imported under code nr. HS 7104 20: 'Synthetic or reconstructed precious or semi-precious, unworked or simply sawn or roughly shaped stones'. 120 Asian Finance, 15 March, 1988; Neera Burra, January 23, 1988 (II), ibid. p. 136. 121 The diamond polishing industry does not fall within the scope of this research. Diamonds are mainly cut and polished in Bombay and Surat and surrounded villages. In this industry it is estimated that 15,000 out of 100,000 artisans are child labourers. Source: Neera Burra, Born to Work, Child Labour in India, 1995.
Page 1 and 2:
Child and adult labour in the expor
Page 3 and 4:
iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present re
Page 5 and 6:
v CONTENTS Acknowledgements .......
Page 7 and 8:
6.6.2 Legislation related to child
Page 9:
INTRODUCTION
Page 14 and 15:
4 Introduction ──────
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 29 and 30:
PART I Chapter 1 EUROPEAN AND INDIA
Page 31:
Measures and initiatives in Europe
Page 34 and 35:
22 Indian regulations and initiativ
Page 36 and 37:
24 Indian regulations and initiativ
Page 39:
PART II THE RESEARCH - CHILD AND AD
Page 42 and 43:
30 The garment export industry of I
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51: Arranging the clothes at high speed
Page 52 and 53: 40 Child and adult labour in the ga
Page 88 and 89: 76 Adult labour in the garment expo
Page 102 and 103: 90 The gem polishing export industr
Page 104 and 105: 92 The gem polishing export industr
Page 106 and 107: 94 Child and adult labour in the ge
Page 112 and 113: 100 Child and adult labour in the g
Page 148 and 149: 136 Bonded child labour in the synt
Page 150 and 151:
138 Bonded child labour in the synt
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 159 and 160:
PART III CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDA
Page 161 and 162:
Conclusions ───────
Page 163:
Conclusions ───────
Page 166 and 167:
154 Recommendations ─────
Page 171 and 172:
LITERATURE ════════
Page 173 and 174:
Literature ────────
Page 175 and 176:
Literature ────────
Page 177:
APPENDICES
Page 182 and 183:
166 Appendix 1 Research questions a
Page 184 and 185:
168 Appendix 1 Research questions a
Page 186 and 187:
170 Appendix 2 Child Labour (Prohib
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Appendix 4 The Fair Trade Charter f
show all

Child-and-adult-labour-in-the-export-oriented-garment-and-gem-polishing-industry-of-India

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?