The art and architecture of India - Buddhist, Hindu, Jain (Art Ebook)

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ROMANO-INDIAN122•ARThad forced Alexander's successor, Seleucus Nicator,to withdraw his garrisons beyond theHindu Kush, this withdrawal only made for aneven stronger consolidation of Hellenistic powerin the ancient province of Bactria, the territorycentred around the modern Afghan city ofBalkh. In about 250 B.C. the over-extended empireof the Seleucids began to disintegrate. Iranwas claimed by a dynasty of obscure originknown to history as the Parthians, and the provinceof Bactria declared its independence undera Greek prince, Diodotus. Now completelyseparated from the Hellenistic world of the Westby the Parthians in Iran, the independent kingdomof Bactria continued to maintain somesemblance of Hellenistic culture. Although itsrulers were perforce a military aristocracy, it isextremely likely that this isolated EurasianGreek colony had much todo with the perpetuationof Hellenic artistic ideals in Asia andalso the minting of a magnificent series of coins[65, a-c]. Its history is one of almost continouswarfare and displacement: Gandhara and theKabul Valley were reconquered by the grandsonof Diodotus, Demetrius, in about 190 B.C.; thesuccessors of Demetrius were almost immediatelydispossessed of Bactria and Gandharaby Eucratides, the ruler of a rival Greek clan.Although, following the establishment of adynasty by Eucratides, princes with Greeknames continued to hold these territories untilafter the middle of the second century B.C.,the years of this unhappy band of Hellenic exileswere numbered. As early as 135 B.C. they weredriven out of Bactria by an invading hordeknown as the Sakas. These people of Scythianorigin later became intimately associated withthe rulers of Parthia, and indeed, as early as thefirst century B.C., seem to have displaced theParthians in eastern Iran and in the region ofwestern Afghanistan known as Sistan. A Sakaruler by the name of Maues or Moga conquerednorth-western India in about 90 B.C., therebyconstricting the rule of the last of the Greeksovereigns to the Kabul Valley. 1It was not long before the Sakas in turn wereforced out of Bactria by another race of Scythicorigin, the Yueh-chih, whose homeland wasoriginally in the province of Kansu in northwesternChina. These people, known in Indianhistory by the name of the most powerful tribe,the Kushans, gradually increased their poweruntil in the first fifty years of our era they madethemselves masters not only of the Kabul Valleybut also of the region of Gandhara. This conquestinvolved the displacement of the Sakasand the overthrow of the last of the Greek sovereigns,Hermaeus. 2 The date of a.d. 64 is usuallyaccepted as marking the sack of the city of Taxilaand the final establishment of Kushan dominationin north-west India. The founder of theline, Kujula Kadphises, is remembered not onlyfor his conquest of Gandhara and the Punjab,but also for the establishment of an intimatecommercial and political relationship with theRoman Empire of Augustus.Of far greater import for the history of Gandharawas Kujula's follower, Kanishka, themost powerful and renowned of the Kushansovereigns, who made Peshawar his winter capitaland extended his conquests from centralAsia to Bengal. Kanishka is frequently referredto as a second Asoka for his efforts on behalf ofthe Buddhist religion. His foundations includedthe great tower at Shah-ji-ki-Dheri, which,from the accounts of the Chinese visitors of thefifth and seventh centuries, must have been oneof the wonders of the Asiatic world. It was in theruins of thismonument that the reliquary ofKing Kanishka was recovered in 1908. 3 Althoughthe Buddha himself never visited Gandhara,the texts composed by Buddhist sagesunder the Kushans made ofthe region a veritableholy land of Buddhism by the association ofvarious sites with events in the previous incarnationsof Sakyamuni.
65. Bactrian, Saka, and Kushan coins.(A) Euthydemus, King of Bactria, late third to earlysecond century B.C. AR. Tetradrachm.(B) Demetrius, King of Bactria, c. 190-167 B.C. AR.Tetradrachm. (C) Eucratides, King of Bactria,167-159 B.C. AY. 20-stater piece. (D) Maues, SakaKing, first century B.C. AE. (E) Kanishka,coin with moon goddess Nanaia, second century ad.AE. (F) Kanishka, coin with wind god Yado,second century a.d. AE. (G) Kujula Kadphises.coin with head of Augustus, first century a. D. - >AE. (H) Kanishka, coin with Buddha, secondV_^-"*century a.d. AV. (I) Kanishka, coin with Mithra,second century a.d. AY. (J) Kanishka, coin withSiva, second century a.d. AY. (K) Huvishka, coinwith goddess Roma, second century a.d. AV.(L) Huvishka, coin with Ardoksho, second centurya.d. AV. British Museum, London, except (G),American Numismatic Society, Xew York
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The Pelican History of Art!The Art
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THE PELICAN HISTOR Y OF ARTJoint Ed
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Penguin Books Ltd, Harmondsworth, M
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This edition is based on the first
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CONTENTSPart Four :The Golden Age a
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10PRONUNCIATION OF INDIAN WORDSSans
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12 ' GLOSSARYin number, from the pa
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'4 GLOSSARYSathsdra. The unending c
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R1 'BflctnaUKashgar#Ki^ ShorchuoTu^
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THE ART AXD ARCHITECTURE OT IXDIA
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22 PREHISTORIC AND EPIC PERIODS•S
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*4 PREHISTORIC AND EPIC PERIODScont
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26 PREHISTORIC AND EPIC PERIODS•c
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28 PREHISTORIC AND EPIC PERIODS•'
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CHAPTER 2i'<\\3THE PROTO-HISTORIC P
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33i. Mohenjo-daroSumer and Babylon.
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THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION 35The
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THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION 37pla
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THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION 39The
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THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONmariti
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.CHAPTER 3v^>THE EPIC PERIOD:VEDIC
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VEDIC AND PRE-MAURYA CIVILIZATIONS
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VEDIC AND PRE-MAURYA CIVILIZATIONS
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PREHISTORIC50•AND EPIC PERIODSby
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52 PREHISTORIC AND EPIC PERIODS•i
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PREHISTORIC54"AND EPIC PERIODS- the
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;56 PREHISTORIC AND EPIC PERIODS•
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58 PREHISTORIC AND EPIC PERIODSof a
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60 THE EARLY CLASSIC PERIODS•yaks
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1 6. Pataliputra, Maurya Palace17.
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*4 THE EARLY CLASSIC PERIODSrooms o
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%»';**$;?»'imtie 4. V ?*«]£***
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20. Lion capital from Sarnath. *>>S
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THE EARLY CLASSIC PERIODSwestern fr
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Page 78 and 79: 25. Yaksha from Patna.Calcutta, Ind
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 6i ^c\ \»THE SUNGA PERIOD
Page 83 and 84: THE SUNGA PERIOD 79mortal body of t
Page 85 and 86: *29. Yakshi (Chulakoka Devata) from
Page 87 and 88: THE SUNGA PERIOD 83more than the su
Page 89 and 90: THE SUNGA PERIOD 8532. Sanchi, Stup
Page 92 and 93: THE88•EARLY CLASSIC PERIODSSanchi
Page 94 and 95: goTHE EARLY CLASSIC PERIODSevery at
Page 96 and 97: 92 THE EARLY CLASSIC PERIODSsculpto
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER 7 & 6<\\\*\THE EARLY ANDHRA
Page 101 and 102: THE EARLY ANDHRA PERIOD 97represent
Page 103 and 104: . . (these) . . . imagesTHE EARLY A
Page 105 and 106: THE EARLY ANDHRA PERIODIOI46. Sanch
Page 107 and 108: 47- Sanchi, east gate^The Conversio
Page 109 and 110: THE EARLY ANDHRA PERIOD 05)A »' I
Page 111 and 112: :io 7ment in nature, hostile or fri
Page 114 and 115: ** 3^*^i*M H56. Ivory plaquefrom Be
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 81116^THE ROCK-CUT SANCTUAR
Page 119 and 120: EARLY BUDDHIST ROCK-CUT SANCTUARIES
Page 121 and 122: 62. Karli, chaitya-hall,
Page 123: :EARLY BUDDHIST ROCK-CUT SANCTUARIE
Page 128 and 129: .124 ROMANO-INDIAN ARTAlthough coin
Page 130 and 131: ROMANO-INDIAN;126•ARTmerlon crene
Page 132 and 133: ROMANO-INDIAN.128 •ARTbe dated in
Page 134 and 135: 130 ROMANO-INDIAN ART•Japan. 16 I
Page 136 and 137: ROMANO-INDIAN132•ARTsame as had b
Page 138 and 139: ROMANO-INDIAN134'ARTfigures emergin
Page 140 and 141: 136 ROMANO-INDIAN ART•archaeology
Page 142 and 143: 138 ROMANO-INDIAN ART•one time su
Page 144 and 145: 8i. AH Masjid stupa, Khyber Pass
Page 146 and 147: ROMANO-INDIAN142•ARTfrom the mini
Page 148 and 149: 144 ROMANO-INDIAN ART'None of these
Page 150 and 151: 146 ROMANO-INDIAN ART•89. Gold am
Page 152 and 153: 148 ROMANO-INDIAN ART•94. Pancika
Page 154: ROMANO-INDIANIsO •ART95. Wima Kad
Page 157 and 158: ART UNDER THE KUSHANS: MATHURA 153t
Page 159 and 160: %(\\A
Page 161 and 162: ART UNDER THE KISHANS: MATHIRAgjffl
Page 163 and 164: ART UNDER THE KUSHANS: MATHURA 59re
Page 165 and 166: successors, was uncovered a great t
Page 167 and 168: ART UNDER THE KUSHANS: MATHURA 63En
Page 169 and 170: ;CHAPTER I I(,joltf jfAFGHANISTAN:
Page 171 and 172: i io. Wntinous' from Hadda. (uParis
Page 173 and 174: 1 12. Head of Devata from near Pesh
Page 175 and 176: AFGHANISTANIT'War. The monasteries
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AFGHANISTAN 173*$ w116. Bamivan, la
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1 19. Bamiyan, painting of sun godo
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AFGHANISTAN 177the entire scheme wa
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AFGHANISTAN [79Bamiyan is like the
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124- Bodhisattva from Fondukistan.K
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CHAPTER 12BUDDHIST ART IN TURKESTAN
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BUDDHIST ART IN TURKESTAN [87of thi
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i8 9129. Buddhist relief from Tumsh
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BUDDHIST ART IN TURKESTAN I9 ]sanct
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133- Two divinities from Kizil.Berl
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134 Buddha from Bezeklik.Berlin, Mu
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BUDDHIST ART IN TURKESTAN 197The ru
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CHAPTER 13THE ART OF KASHMIRsW?The
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Iiiisiiiiiiiiil m m1riitiiiiiiiiUni
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.THE ART OF KASHMIR 203On each of t
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THE ART OF KASHMIRHadda. The heads
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;208 THE GOLDEN AGE AND END OF BUDD
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THE210•GOLDEN AGE AND END OF BUDD
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212 THE GOLDEN AGE AND END OF BUDDH
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THE214'GOLDEN AGE AND END OF BUDDHI
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THE2l6•GOLDEN AGE AND END OF BUDD
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2l8THE GOLDEN AGE AND END OF BUDDHI
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THE220•GOLDEN AGE AND END OF BUDD
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THE224"GOLDEN AGE AND END OF BUDDHI
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163. Deogarh, Vishnu temple, doorwa
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234172. Buddha preaching the First
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174- Scenes from the Life of Buddha
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m**ii*\**i*mmnit,m*i*n*******h*m**m
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26lthe fifth and sixth centuries; i
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INDIA, NEPAL, AND TIBET 263vincial
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INDIA, NEPAL, AND TIBET 265in the i
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INDIA, NEPAL, AND TIBET 267203. Tar
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269206. Banner of Avalokitesvara fr
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INDIA, NEPAL, AND TIBET 271royalty.
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THE274'HINDU RENAISSANCEof types of
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THE276•HINDU RENAISSANCEsources m
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2 7 8 THE HINDU RENAISSANCEin each
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280 THE HINDU RENAISSANCE•convex
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:282 THE HINDU RENAISSANCE•masonr
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219. Konaraka, Surya temple,detail
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22i. Konaraka, Surya temple, Surya
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222. Khajuraho, Kandariya Mahadeo t
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;290 THE HINDU RENAISSANCE•toweri
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292 THE HINDU RENAISSANCE•or kala
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294^anaoooo^rz^rczcr^Ssoo^^gy:226.
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. . but296 THE HINDU RENAISSANCE•
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298 THE HINDU RENAISSANCE•-A231.
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300 THE HINDU RENAISSANCEhas been r
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;302/Here is an art inspired by the
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THE PERIOD OF THE HINDU DYNASTIES 3
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o 5 10241. Ellura, Kailasanath temp
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243- Ellura, Kailasanath temple,Rav
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247- Tanjore, Rajrajesvara temple
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THE PERIOD OF THE HINDU DYNASTIESIG
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251. -Madura, Great TempleThese imm
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CHAPTERISOUTH INDIAN BRONZESThe ear
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faSOUTH INDIAN BRONZES 329257. Bron
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260. Bronze Nataraja from Polonnaru
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SOUTH INDIAN BRONZES 333in Hindu sa
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3UUIM lfNUlAIN BKUINitSSSbNot a sin
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269. Andhra textile from the Kalaha
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CHAPTER 19PAINTING OF THE PERIOD OF
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WALL-PAINTINGS AND MINIATURES 343Ma
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WALL-PAINTINGS AND MINIATURES 345Th
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279- Krishna and his Beloved in the
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35© THE HINDU RENAISSANCE•Certai
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THE352•HINDU RENAISSANCE_e^r AA\^
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354 THE HINDU RENAISSANCE'Krishna.
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I286. The Night of Storm from Garwh
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PART SIXINDIAN ART IN CEYLON AND SO
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361288. Anuradhapura, Thuparama dag
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CEYLON 363>originally covered with
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zqz. Bronze Buddha from Dong DiHano
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294- Anuradhapura, seated BuddhaI *
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CEYLON 369cords in front of an actu
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CEYLON•371by a sort of urna on th
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CEYLON•373301. Polonnaruwa, Parak
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CEYLON•375in spite of its great s
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\ob. Polonnaruwa, Wata-da-ge*>*
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CEYLON •379The exterior of this l
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J8i311. Bronze Sundaramurtiswami fr
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CEYLON •383Singhalese ivories, ev
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386 CEYLON AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA•an
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388 CEYLON AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA•sc
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390320. Harihara from Prasat Andet.
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CEYLON392•AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAwarf
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323. Angkor, Yasodharapura and Angk
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CEYLON396'AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAThis e
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329. Angkor Wat
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33i- Angkor Wat
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402 CEYLON AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA•em
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404 CEYLON AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAWhen
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CEYLON406•AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAarch
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408 CEYLON AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA•re
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410 CEYLON AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAof th
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412 CEYLON AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA•pa
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. *346. Angkor Thorn, Neak Pean" 'Z
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-CEYLON14l6 •AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAt
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4l8 CEYLON AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA•th
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420 CEYLON AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAdebac
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CHAPTER 22ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN S
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•SIAM 425more often than not too
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•SIAM 427One of the great masterp
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361. Head of Buddha from SiamBoston
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SI AM •43:and later a Burmese sty
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SIAM 433Lamp'un, erected by the Mon
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435elaborately carved barge-boards
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37i- Pottery amphora from Lopburi.B
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544© CEYLON AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAthe
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442 CEYLON AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA•te
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CEYLON444*AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAMuseum
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446 CEYLON AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAmask-
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CEYLONthe448•AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAK
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450 CEYLON AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAof gr
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CEYLON452•AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA385.
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CEYLON454'AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAto the
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456 CEYLON AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAin th
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CEYLON458•AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAfrom
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CEYLON:.460•AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAha
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CEYLON462•AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAKhme
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CEYLON464•AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAof t
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CEYLON:466•AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAnot
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NOTESBold numbers indicate page ref
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47isentient beings'. (See Ramaprasa
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473capital" so often found in moder
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47513. It has been suggested that t
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477172. 1 6. We have already seen h
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479237- 6. In the life of Hsiian-ts
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4 8isculptor, there exists an image
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4«3Singhalese scholars the moon st
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4»543i- 3- H. G. Quaritch Wales, T
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The4 8 7Frederic, L. L'Inde, Ses Te
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4 8 9barthouxj. Les Fouilles de Had
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49iGROSLIER, B. P. Angkor: Hommes e
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493LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSThe locatio
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;I:):)- s89. Gold amulet boxes from
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):-. e_- r.- -. _:- -\ rr :):&-"xrn
Page 503 and 504:
499298. Anuradhapura, Isurumuniya V
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:INDEXNames and other matters in th
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503Buddha, 53 ff., 77-9, 88-9, 47i(
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505Guru, 52Gwalior, 227, 239, 240,
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507London, India Office Library, 34
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1509Peshawar, Archaeological Museum
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5iiSudhana, 455Sukhodaya, 436Suk'ot
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-The Pelican History of ArtISBN 14
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