a-practical-kurdish-grammar

104 A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR^
tirs-e) 'let him, her, it not fear!' ^_^ \ (ba na-tirs-(i)n)
'let them not fear!'
266. The 1st and 3rd persons, singular and plural,, of the
imperative, are identical with the present subjunctive, prefixed
by the exhortative particle l> (ba) 'let'.
PARTICIPLES
267. A parriciple, as its name implies, is a word that usually
participates or partakes boh of the nature of a verb and an
adjective, and sometimes it is even used as a noun, in which
case it is declinable.
Present Participle
tSy ^y (tirs-a-nûk)
'fearing'
268. The present participle has no distinct form in Kurd¬
ish, but it is occasionally expressed by combining a sub¬
stantive with the naked present tense stem of the verb. Ex¬
amples : 6y A^} ij^ (kicheki tirs-a-nûk) 'a fearing
giri'; ^ jlj ^^_jL (piaweki raû-kar) 'a hunting man';
y' yj LT^-^^r (Piaweki ntiezh-kar) 'a praying man';
y)C^j>.iJ>^_jp(k\iYtk\ hurmat-gir) 'an honoring (obeying)
boy'; ^jiAj"__,^ ^^^XJLc-j (ra'yateki ghairat-kesh) 'a zealous
citizen' (lit, 'a zeal-drawing citizen').
Preterite Participle
Uy (tirsa)
'feared'
269. The preterite parriciple has already often been re¬
ferred to. It forms the basis for all the past tenses, but it can-