a-practical-kurdish-grammar

136 A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR
are chiefly 1 (a) and ^j (i) verbs, and a few are 3 (û) verbs,
and consonant verbs ending in 0(t). See 193, 1.
315. The I (a) and tS (i) verbs, as a rule, change the 1
or (_^ to e (a) or (_$ (e) in the imperative, and to (j (e) in
the 3rd person singular present tense, but retain the \ (a)
or (J (Î) in the preterite and following tenses. An exception
to this rule is met with in the iJ (i) verb y33 (röin) 'to go'.
In this verb (S is rejected in the imperative 3j.(hi-T-ö), and
it is substituted by \ (a) in the 3rd person singular present
tense; but it is retained in the preterite and following tenses.
(See 193, 2.)
316. The 3 (Û) verbs usually change the j to ^^ (e) in
the 3rd person singular present, but retain it in- the imperative
and in the preterite and following tenses.
317. The O (t) verbs, as a rule, reject the (t) in the im¬
perative and present, but retain it in the preterite and follow¬
ing tenses. One verb also rejects the preceding y (s) in
the imperative and present. Examples: jL-^ (niistin) 'to
sleep'; imperative y (bi-n-ii); present 3rd per. sing, yi
(da-nii) or c^yi (da-u-e).
318. All the verbs in the above list are intransitive when
conjugated according to the 'First Conjugation,' but many
of them, and especially the t^ (i), 3 (ö), and O (t) verbs,
may be conjugated according to the 'Second Conjugation',
and when thus conjugated they become transitive.
The Causal Form of the Verb
319. The causal form of the verb is obtained by adding