a-practical-kurdish-grammar

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94 A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR o^y jl (ati tirsaw-a) he, feared she, it has ö^y O^^ (awan tirsaii-n) feared they have feared 230. The perfect tense is based on the infinitive, the same as the imperfect and the preterite. By dropping the final Ö (n) of the infinitive and suffixing j(ii), we have the perfect par¬ ticiple stem. 231. The general characteristic of the perfect tense of all verbs is the vowel-suffix j (û), which is added to the pre¬ terite participle stem. 232. In the 3rd person singular, the present tense suffix or personal ending o (a) or
VERBS 95 234. The perfect tense forms in Kurdish, however, are quite clear and distinct. The only difficulty met with is, to dis¬ tinguish between the 3rd person singular, perfect tense, and the 3rd person singular, preterite tense, when the latter employs the separable suffix ej (wa) 'again', denoting 're¬ peated action'. Examples: oj\^J j\ (au tirsaw-a) 'he has feared', ajL-J j\ (au tirsa-a-wa) 'he feared again', or 'he feared repeatedly' ; e^J I* j\ (ail hatii-a) 'he has come', e^^lfc j\ (au hat-a-wa) 'he returned', or^ 'he came again'; ojll-l* _jl (au halistaw-a) 'he has risen', ejllJ* j)\(aû halista- a-wa) 'he rose again'. 235. The negative is formed by simply prefixing the neg¬ ative particle j or 1» . Examples ^3^y ^j- (amin na-tirsaû- m) 'I have not feared'; (Jj\->-y y\ (atu na-tirsaw-i) 'thou hast not feared'; o_}\^y jl (au na-tirsaw-a) 'he, she, it has not feared'. Pluperfect Tense Singular Plural ^y {j-y ^y>\ (amin tirsa bû-m) I had feared iSy Uy y\ (atii tirsa bii- i) thou hadst feared y \^J j\ (au tirsa bii-) he, she, it had feared y_y \^y ,4«! (ama tirsa bii- în) we had feared oy L-J ^Kangö tirsa bii-n) you had feared oy Lj Obi (^^^^ ^^^^ bû-n) they had feared
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Fiintedby AUGSBUBG PUBLISHING HOUSE
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKS The Kurdish pe
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A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR of the
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A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR as clea
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A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR 11 The
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A Practical Kurdish Grammar CHAPTER
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PHONETIC VALUE OF THE LETTERS 15 6.
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PHONETIC VALUE OF THE LETTERS 17 'z
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CONSONANTS 19 The varieties in dial
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VOWELS 21 VOWELS 39. It is becoming
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45. Exercise in Spelling : VOWEL CH
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PROLONGED PRONUNCIATION 25 casional
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DIPHTHONGS 27 'balcony'; Cf'^j] (a
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NOUNS 29 61. In vowel changes, the
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NOUNS 31 Number 68. Plurals are gen
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ARTICLES 33 between the suffix and
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ARTICLES 35 amples: \^\ j\ (au agha
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DECLENSION 37 bination of ,Xê> (he
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DECLENSION 39 97. The preposition :
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DECLENSION 41 pies: «J ^ iS3 (y^^
Page 45 and 46: DECLENSION 43 109. The Locative Cas
Page 47 and 48: DECLENSION 45 4jI) (bab-a) 'O fathe
Page 49 and 50: Singular TABLE OF DECLENSION 47 Nom
Page 51 and 52: Plural / Nom. ö^p Gen. ^j \j\?^ iS
Page 53 and 54: ADJECTIVES 51 CHAPTER III ADJECTIVE
Page 55 and 56: ADJECTIVES 53 Note. The superlative
Page 57 and 58: Y A< ^« \ < r< \ 0 \ ' 0 < ADJECTI
Page 59 and 60: ADJECTIVES 57 amples: f^_ (yek-um)
Page 61 and 62: ADJECTIVES 59 and three quarters o'
Page 63 and 64: PRONOUNS 61 EXERCISE III Four horse
Page 65 and 66: Dat. y. 4^ (ba tti) to thee Ace. y'
Page 67 and 68: PRONOUNS 65 ija CJ» (nan- (i)t dad
Page 69 and 70: Dat. C>^ 4j (ba khöt) Ace. Cjy- -
Page 71 and 72: PRONOUNS 69 Voc. ojl (^l (aîawaî)
Page 73 and 74: PRONOUNS 71 Dat. (_^ "^^ (ba kie) t
Page 75 and 76: PRONOUNS 7Z Note. The pronunciation
Page 77 and 78: ^ jti (har chi) dA ..", T (tishtek)
Page 79 and 80: 192. VOCABULARY ejl (awa) this j1 (
Page 81 and 82: VERBS 79 Ö\mJ (tir-san), öyir (ch
Page 83 and 84: VERBS 81 certain word, and other di
Page 85 and 86: VERBS 83 201. In the Mongur dialect
Page 87 and 88: VERBS 85 an emphatic negarive. Exam
Page 89 and 90: VERBS 87 (5) The perfect tense indi
Page 91 and 92: VERBS 89 the conjugation of the int
Page 93 and 94: VERBS 91 Interrogatively, the futur
Page 95: Singular ^\^J /y\ (amin tirsa-m) I
Page 99 and 100: VERBS 97 tive' sense of the subjunc
Page 101 and 102: VERBS 99 the present subjunctive of
Page 103 and 104: VERBS 101 258. The 'apodosis', or c
Page 105 and 106: VERBS 103 4)Ul)U__;:; (birya amin n
Page 107 and 108: not stand alone and be used adjecti
Page 109 and 110: VERBS 107 Imperfect Tense Singular
Page 111 and 112: VERBS 109 would that I came, etc. |
Page 113 and 114: VERBS 111 274. Conjugation of the I
Page 115 and 116: 40 J I (aii ni-ya) Plural /j»J 4.0
Page 117 and 118: Singular VERBS 115 Preterite Tense
Page 119 and 120: Plural VERBS 117 ^yyy 4*1 (ama bû
Page 121 and 122: VERBS 119 present subjunctive very
Page 123 and 124: VERBS 121 295. The same conjunction
Page 125 and 126: VERBS 123 ö\ y. öb^ (awan bi-bii
Page 127 and 128: VERBS 125 ted, by simply prefixing
Page 129 and 130: Singular Plural ^ y\ \) (ba amin b-
Page 131 and 132: VERBS 129 of them do not exist in t
Page 133 and 134: öy^ 6_yJ" (tewa chûn) to go VERBS
Page 135 and 136: yl]s (qalshin) to crack, to VERBS 1
Page 137 and 138: VERBS 135 ojjb (da-war-a) eAo\*b(da
Page 139 and 140: VERBS 137 j)_(en) to the present st
Page 141 and 142: C-XiJ- y^ (atii khwend- (i)t) thou
Page 143 and 144: Singular I) JJL)yc») y (amin bi-m-
Page 145 and 146: Singular yiy) y^ u (ba amin bi VERB
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Singular C".' 0^' (amin bi-lle-m) I
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VERBS 147 Kurdish, is by adding (^^
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VERBS 149 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Present
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VERBS 151 conjunctions employed wit
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jl (hal-bastin) oi (birdin) to tie
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jJi; \xr (takandin) jjL;ly.'(tfiand
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jaj|__^» (hal-khirandin) to hack u
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jaioC; j3 (ziringandin) to cause to
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jb (kutan) to beat, to flog, to vac
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yy\:> (da-girrin) to attack, to pre
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jJli \l>'3 (wastandin) to cause to
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VERBS 167 ngiien-a) 'cause thou to
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VERBS 169 yJiî^ (heshtin) to leave
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Singular b iyj />^^l»-(hazir-(i)m
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VERBS Infinitive j|^_^\>-(hazir Imp
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if I had been prepared, or if I sho
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ö^y ■>^y. öiy ö^y ö>P Cf.J'.
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VERBS 179 ö^P v >*" (kharap kirdin
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VERBS 181 ö>y TtL^ (sulh kirdin) t
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O^py 0^:ê ö>y S3ê ö>P^ (} jip j
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VERBS jVi.p 0'*>-j (zahmat keshan)
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VERBS 187 (lit. 'there is or exists
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y(Ji (da-i-bil) he, she, it was hav
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VERBS 191 yy JU (mal-(i)m bû-bû)o
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VERBS 193 are jyy o.r yy3-_ and yy.
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VERBS 195 prefix { or A . Example:
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ADVERBS 197 in the 1st and 3rd pers
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j_j^ u (ba baki) or 5 I) J 43. (ba
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ijp 4) (la kiie) oy\ (era) oJ (I'er
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S33^ S33'^ S33^33> daiiran-daûrai)
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4;;i.j(wakht-a wakht) 3^ jV(i^'" ja
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367. Adverbs of tS' 368. cr?(chi) i
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PREPOSITIONS 209 U (ja) ] therefore
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S\ (0 of y (sar) ^ (I'sar) PREPOSIT
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CONJUNCTIONS 213 jLji (disan) U(nab
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(haîf) (^jlj (zhare) olj (wa'h) 4u
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FORMATION OF KURDISH WORDS jljlS (g
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FORMATION OF KURDISH WORDS 219 chil
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KURDISH COMPOUND WÔRDS 221 The fol
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KURDISH COMPOUND WORDS 223 j->-jb (
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KURDISH COMPOUND WORDS 225 408. Wor
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KURDISH ORTHOGRAPHY 227 There are a
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3^y. (perar) 3^y. J ; (basar perar)
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MISCELLANEOUS 231 f..fi£- (asir) a
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C'.-.«(mist) fist iJjiJ (nînûk)
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SYNTAX, 235 Interrogative Sentences
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SYNTAX. 237 dastî da) 'he dehvered
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SYNTAX. 239 In polite conversation
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SYNTAX. 241 ernor had caught them';
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SYNTAX. 243 Sp^, sp (are hat-i ka g
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SYNTAX 245 ^ OJly 4j (ba kurban-(i)
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SYNTAX 247 Some Common Kurdish Prov
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POETRY, 249 Sy y33> y> ' S3^ (^ ^ S
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POETRY 251 wa sohbatani chak ^W t?"
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SHORT STORIES 253 iilîjj s%- (J^ ^
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SHORT STORIES 255 oy sy y ^ e3iy3j
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SHORT STORIES 257 Cy ejiyJ jrJw>- ^
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THE GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN^ 250 JlyLJ *
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i THE GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN 261 * Ji Q
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jl (ail) (1) pers. pron. he, she it
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Ll*' O^ (baît-aniya) 3i (bir) yy (
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Cjy (jut) pair, couple, twins, yoke
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JLi-(khiyal) thought, mind, imagina
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jiy 0-"lj (rast kirdin) to make str
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y (shar) fight, quarrel, war, battl
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'/ 4JL3 (kalima) term, word, (divin
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% (malla) priest (Mohammedan). y (m
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0»-j (wakht) VOCABULARY 279 time,
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