a-practical-kurdish-grammar

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212 A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR CHAPTER VIII CONJUNCTIONS 377. Most of the Kurdish conjunctions, like the preposi¬ tions, are borrowed from the neighboring tongues. The fol¬ lowing is a classified list of the conjunctions in most common use. 378. The copulative conjunctions are : J (Ö) or (wa) and (See 27.) y j(ö or wa-ish) also ^j^(-ish) also (suffix form) â j»A(ham-ham) also Note. 3 is pronounced (o) when it; connects words in a phrase, and (wa) when it connects sentence^ or clauses of a sentence, 379. The disjunctive conjunctions are: U^ (yan) or oî ö>l(yan-yan) either or 4J 4i (na-na) neither nor Note. The j\> -I ju_ and 4J 4J are often used with the same signification. 380. The adversative conjunctions are : >l(balla) but ^\ 3 (wa ilia) 4^0^ (ballaka) but that otherwise, or else j
CONJUNCTIONS 213 jLji (disan) U(naba) ' yet, still, nevertheless lest, for fear that il. (magar) unless 4S aS^ (bajga la) fy (nawakû) except, apart from bL* (mabada) 381. The conditional conjunctions are: f\ (agar) if yr J\ (agar chi) 4; ^f Kagar na) if not, although, even though otherwise, lest, or else X^ y (bar chand) Note.The ^\ requires the verb to be in the conditional mood. 4. fl >r^.f^ . and X.=>: y . may also be classified as ad versative conjunclions. 382. The casual conjunctions are : i (da-na) ^^jl ^J (I'bar awai) Ui (da-ja) ^^(pas) ' therefore ^(bas) jWjl(aûjar) 4^Û (kholasa) finally then, therefore, moreover consequently, in conclusion. La (hata) /La (hatakû) iS-^} (idi) until, so long as then, thereupon, also ^Vl(ilachi) ^'^ (faqat) only especially, particularly
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Fiintedby AUGSBUBG PUBLISHING HOUSE
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKS The Kurdish pe
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A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR of the
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A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR as clea
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A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR 11 The
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A Practical Kurdish Grammar CHAPTER
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PHONETIC VALUE OF THE LETTERS 15 6.
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PHONETIC VALUE OF THE LETTERS 17 'z
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CONSONANTS 19 The varieties in dial
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VOWELS 21 VOWELS 39. It is becoming
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45. Exercise in Spelling : VOWEL CH
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PROLONGED PRONUNCIATION 25 casional
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DIPHTHONGS 27 'balcony'; Cf'^j] (a
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NOUNS 29 61. In vowel changes, the
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NOUNS 31 Number 68. Plurals are gen
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ARTICLES 33 between the suffix and
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ARTICLES 35 amples: \^\ j\ (au agha
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DECLENSION 37 bination of ,Xê> (he
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DECLENSION 39 97. The preposition :
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DECLENSION 41 pies: «J ^ iS3 (y^^
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DECLENSION 43 109. The Locative Cas
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DECLENSION 45 4jI) (bab-a) 'O fathe
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Singular TABLE OF DECLENSION 47 Nom
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Plural / Nom. ö^p Gen. ^j \j\?^ iS
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ADJECTIVES 51 CHAPTER III ADJECTIVE
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ADJECTIVES 53 Note. The superlative
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Y A< ^« \ < r< \ 0 \ ' 0 < ADJECTI
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ADJECTIVES 57 amples: f^_ (yek-um)
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ADJECTIVES 59 and three quarters o'
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PRONOUNS 61 EXERCISE III Four horse
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Dat. y. 4^ (ba tti) to thee Ace. y'
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PRONOUNS 65 ija CJ» (nan- (i)t dad
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Dat. C>^ 4j (ba khöt) Ace. Cjy- -
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PRONOUNS 69 Voc. ojl (^l (aîawaî)
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PRONOUNS 71 Dat. (_^ "^^ (ba kie) t
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PRONOUNS 7Z Note. The pronunciation
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^ jti (har chi) dA ..", T (tishtek)
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192. VOCABULARY ejl (awa) this j1 (
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VERBS 79 Ö\mJ (tir-san), öyir (ch
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VERBS 81 certain word, and other di
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VERBS 83 201. In the Mongur dialect
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VERBS 85 an emphatic negarive. Exam
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VERBS 87 (5) The perfect tense indi
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VERBS 89 the conjugation of the int
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VERBS 91 Interrogatively, the futur
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Singular ^\^J /y\ (amin tirsa-m) I
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VERBS 95 234. The perfect tense for
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VERBS 97 tive' sense of the subjunc
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VERBS 99 the present subjunctive of
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VERBS 101 258. The 'apodosis', or c
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VERBS 103 4)Ul)U__;:; (birya amin n
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not stand alone and be used adjecti
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VERBS 107 Imperfect Tense Singular
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VERBS 109 would that I came, etc. |
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VERBS 111 274. Conjugation of the I
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40 J I (aii ni-ya) Plural /j»J 4.0
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Singular VERBS 115 Preterite Tense
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Plural VERBS 117 ^yyy 4*1 (ama bû
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VERBS 119 present subjunctive very
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VERBS 121 295. The same conjunction
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VERBS 123 ö\ y. öb^ (awan bi-bii
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VERBS 125 ted, by simply prefixing
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Singular Plural ^ y\ \) (ba amin b-
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VERBS 129 of them do not exist in t
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öy^ 6_yJ" (tewa chûn) to go VERBS
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yl]s (qalshin) to crack, to VERBS 1
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VERBS 135 ojjb (da-war-a) eAo\*b(da
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VERBS 137 j)_(en) to the present st
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C-XiJ- y^ (atii khwend- (i)t) thou
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Singular I) JJL)yc») y (amin bi-m-
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Singular yiy) y^ u (ba amin bi VERB
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Singular C".' 0^' (amin bi-lle-m) I
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VERBS 147 Kurdish, is by adding (^^
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VERBS 149 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Present
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VERBS 151 conjunctions employed wit
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jl (hal-bastin) oi (birdin) to tie
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jJi; \xr (takandin) jjL;ly.'(tfiand
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jaj|__^» (hal-khirandin) to hack u
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jaioC; j3 (ziringandin) to cause to
Page 163 and 164: jb (kutan) to beat, to flog, to vac
Page 165 and 166: yy\:> (da-girrin) to attack, to pre
Page 167 and 168: jJli \l>'3 (wastandin) to cause to
Page 169 and 170: VERBS 167 ngiien-a) 'cause thou to
Page 171 and 172: VERBS 169 yJiî^ (heshtin) to leave
Page 173 and 174: Singular b iyj />^^l»-(hazir-(i)m
Page 175 and 176: VERBS Infinitive j|^_^\>-(hazir Imp
Page 177 and 178: if I had been prepared, or if I sho
Page 179 and 180: ö^y ■>^y. öiy ö^y ö>P Cf.J'.
Page 181 and 182: VERBS 179 ö^P v >*" (kharap kirdin
Page 183 and 184: VERBS 181 ö>y TtL^ (sulh kirdin) t
Page 185 and 186: O^py 0^:ê ö>y S3ê ö>P^ (} jip j
Page 187 and 188: VERBS jVi.p 0'*>-j (zahmat keshan)
Page 189 and 190: VERBS 187 (lit. 'there is or exists
Page 191 and 192: y(Ji (da-i-bil) he, she, it was hav
Page 193 and 194: VERBS 191 yy JU (mal-(i)m bû-bû)o
Page 195 and 196: VERBS 193 are jyy o.r yy3-_ and yy.
Page 197 and 198: VERBS 195 prefix { or A . Example:
Page 199 and 200: ADVERBS 197 in the 1st and 3rd pers
Page 201 and 202: j_j^ u (ba baki) or 5 I) J 43. (ba
Page 203 and 204: ijp 4) (la kiie) oy\ (era) oJ (I'er
Page 205 and 206: S33^ S33'^ S33^33> daiiran-daûrai)
Page 207 and 208: 4;;i.j(wakht-a wakht) 3^ jV(i^'" ja
Page 209 and 210: 367. Adverbs of tS' 368. cr?(chi) i
Page 211 and 212: PREPOSITIONS 209 U (ja) ] therefore
Page 213: S\ (0 of y (sar) ^ (I'sar) PREPOSIT
Page 217 and 218: (haîf) (^jlj (zhare) olj (wa'h) 4u
Page 219 and 220: FORMATION OF KURDISH WORDS jljlS (g
Page 221 and 222: FORMATION OF KURDISH WORDS 219 chil
Page 223 and 224: KURDISH COMPOUND WÔRDS 221 The fol
Page 225 and 226: KURDISH COMPOUND WORDS 223 j->-jb (
Page 227 and 228: KURDISH COMPOUND WORDS 225 408. Wor
Page 229 and 230: KURDISH ORTHOGRAPHY 227 There are a
Page 231 and 232: 3^y. (perar) 3^y. J ; (basar perar)
Page 233 and 234: MISCELLANEOUS 231 f..fi£- (asir) a
Page 235 and 236: C'.-.«(mist) fist iJjiJ (nînûk)
Page 237 and 238: SYNTAX, 235 Interrogative Sentences
Page 239 and 240: SYNTAX. 237 dastî da) 'he dehvered
Page 241 and 242: SYNTAX. 239 In polite conversation
Page 243 and 244: SYNTAX. 241 ernor had caught them';
Page 245 and 246: SYNTAX. 243 Sp^, sp (are hat-i ka g
Page 247 and 248: SYNTAX 245 ^ OJly 4j (ba kurban-(i)
Page 249 and 250: SYNTAX 247 Some Common Kurdish Prov
Page 251 and 252: POETRY, 249 Sy y33> y> ' S3^ (^ ^ S
Page 253 and 254: POETRY 251 wa sohbatani chak ^W t?"
Page 255 and 256: SHORT STORIES 253 iilîjj s%- (J^ ^
Page 257 and 258: SHORT STORIES 255 oy sy y ^ e3iy3j
Page 259 and 260: SHORT STORIES 257 Cy ejiyJ jrJw>- ^
Page 261 and 262: THE GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN^ 250 JlyLJ *
Page 263 and 264: i THE GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN 261 * Ji Q
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jl (ail) (1) pers. pron. he, she it
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Ll*' O^ (baît-aniya) 3i (bir) yy (
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Cjy (jut) pair, couple, twins, yoke
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JLi-(khiyal) thought, mind, imagina
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jiy 0-"lj (rast kirdin) to make str
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y (shar) fight, quarrel, war, battl
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'/ 4JL3 (kalima) term, word, (divin
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% (malla) priest (Mohammedan). y (m
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0»-j (wakht) VOCABULARY 279 time,
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