a-practical-kurdish-grammar

240 A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR.
other languages, that the first person is preferred to the second,
and the second to the third. Example : y^^ y^ 3 /'
(atii wa amin dach-in) 'You and I will go'; jTIa jl jl j yl
(atii wa awan hat-(i)n) 'You and they came'.
The object of the verb is usually designated by the case
ending ^ (i) or (e). Example :|^i,Ov.ji^U(mal-e drust da¬
kam) 'I am building a house'. Sometimes, however, it omits
this ending. Ex. ^ i C^ji JU (mal drust da-kam) 'I am
building (a) house'.
In the 3rd person preterite of intransitive verbs, the object
is usually expressed without any suffix. Example: \a dS^
Oy (sag hal-i girt) 'The dog carried (it)'; jLLa (JP
(are hena-tan) 'Did you bring (it)?'; ylS^ Sij^3i y> (har
dûazdaî kusht-(i)n) 'He killed them all twelve'; |^ U
yP (hakim girt(i)n-i) 'The Governor caught them'; -^1
l^-^i(amin girt-(i)n-(i)m' 'I caught them'.
A verb may employ both the 'enclitic' form and the 'per¬
sonal ending' form of the pronoun, and in that case the 'per¬
sonal ending' form indicates the subject, and the 'enclitic' form
the object. Example: yy J\ (atii girt-(i)n-i) 'Thou
didst catch them'; y\^y (girt-man-(i)n) 'We caught
them'; jLiiy (bird-(i)n-tan) 'You carried them (away)';
\y^ Si3^3i (diiazda-i kusht-(i)n) or oijlji Jlij
(kusht-(i)n-i duuazda) 'He killed the (them) twelve'; j^
^3^P O ay (chilon barala-t kirdii-m) 'How have you left
me?' y_p^ y y (bo na-i-kushtu-in) 'Why has he not
killed us?'; yy C^p ^\>. (hakim girt-a biin-i) 'The Gov-