a-practical-kurdish-grammar

VERBS 137
j)_(en) to the present stem, and Jul (and) to the preterite
stem. This changes a verb from an intransitive to a transitive
and from a transitive to a double or strong transitive. Ex¬
ample: ö\->'y (tir-san) is the intransitive verb 'to fear',
jOjL J (tirs-and-(i)n) is its causal or transitive form for
'to frighten' (lit. 'to cause to fear') ; yy (bi-tirs-e) 'fear
thou !' ; 4lw p (bi-tirs-en-a) 'frighten thou !'
If the original verb has a passive sense, like ^y^ (da-siit-
(i)m) 'I burn', or ^p i (da-kule-m) 'I boil', the causal suf¬
fix makes it active: ^'yi (da-sût-en-(i)m) 'I burn (some¬
thing)', çr^ i (da-kul-en-(i)m) 'I boil (something)'.
Many verbs ending in joil (and-(i)n) in the infinitive, are
by nature causal verbs, and do not exist in any other form,
but most of them have corresponding intransitive forms. All
causal verbs are conjugated according to the 'Second Con¬
jugation'.
The Second Conjugation
320. The peculiarity of the 'Second Conjugation', or the
conjugation of the transitive verb is, that it employs the suf¬
fix pronouns as personal endings in all its past tenses, and
these occupy various positions in the verb, or are joined to a
preceding word. (See 204, 205 and 206.)
Conjugation of the regular transitive verb
jX)j?-(khwend-(i)n) 'to read'
ACTIVE VOICE
Infinitive jJLJji- (khwend- i Imperative 4J^ (bi-khwen-
(i)n) to read a) read thou!