a-practical-kurdish-grammar

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228 A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR Kurdish pronunciation and accept by writing it o\«-" (sa'at). See 59, 1 and 2.) Some write vIl->-lj (rahat) 'quiet', 'comfortable', (a Turkification of the Ar. 4>-lj ), instead of adhering more closely to Kurdish accentuation and write w9-j (rahat). The letter 1 is less prominent in Kurdish than in its neigh¬ boring tongues. In words employing the negative particle \j (na), the \ is often omitted and the contraction (na) is employed. Example : ^3^ (na-khösh) 'sick', 'unpleas¬ ant'; and in other words the I is substituted by a (ha) or c5(e). Examples; a^jA (hiimed) 'hope', for Jl^jl (limed); jOJî- (khwendin) 'to read', 'reading', for jX\y (khwandin), etc. (See 35, 47, 4, 160 and 207.) In short, the general rule for Kurdish orthography is to write Kurdish words with Kurdish pronunciation and accent, and to express the vowel sounds more frequently by the letters o 3 I and ^^ than is usually the case in Arabic, Turkish or Persian. If this rule is followed out, a more uniform Kurdish ortho¬ graphy will gradually be established, and the individuality of the Kurdish language, as to sounds and accents, will be pre¬ served. (See 8-29, and Note.) CHAPTER XIII MISCELLANEOUS 411. Designation of Years Jb jl (aii sal this year jl) (par) last year
3^y. (perar) 3^y. J ; (basar perar) iSi J L< jl (aii sal-i di) Jb Ji (j^l (pash do sal) Si yJi U (saleki di) MISCELLANEOUS 229 year before last three years ago the next year after two years, etc. another year 412. Designation of Seasons J If) (bahar) spring _yl(paiz) autumn ji^jU (hawin) summer 6^3 (zistan) winter 413. Names of the Months of the Year jbT(adar) March. jL.J (nisan) April uMMgulan) May ö^î3^(khazîran) June 3y (tamiiz) July ? iJa (tabagh) August jjLl (iliin) September y^^_ y_y^ (tishrin peshi) October J^\ al (tishrin pashi) November - LT**.*' öj' b (kanûn peshi) December ^^li jy b (kanûn pashi) January is\*i (shubat) February Note. jyS (gulan) means 'roses'. The month in which they bloom bears their name. jaLi(ilûn) is Syriac; many Kurds use Oy\ (ilûl) Ar. Instead of y^ (peshi), some Kurds use tjy (pichuk) 'small', or J»* (hauwal) 'first*; instead of , J^\> (pashi), . . r '^ ' some Kurds use jy (mazin) 'great', or y\ (akhir) 'last'. -1*^«^ (shubat) may also be written JUlj.^(shöat). 414. Names of the Days in the Week j«i d\) (yek shamii) Sunday
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liJi-" 31 *
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Fiintedby AUGSBUBG PUBLISHING HOUSE
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKS The Kurdish pe
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A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR of the
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A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR as clea
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A PRACTICAL KURDISH GRAMMAR 11 The
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A Practical Kurdish Grammar CHAPTER
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PHONETIC VALUE OF THE LETTERS 15 6.
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PHONETIC VALUE OF THE LETTERS 17 'z
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CONSONANTS 19 The varieties in dial
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VOWELS 21 VOWELS 39. It is becoming
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45. Exercise in Spelling : VOWEL CH
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PROLONGED PRONUNCIATION 25 casional
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DIPHTHONGS 27 'balcony'; Cf'^j] (a
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NOUNS 29 61. In vowel changes, the
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NOUNS 31 Number 68. Plurals are gen
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ARTICLES 33 between the suffix and
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ARTICLES 35 amples: \^\ j\ (au agha
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DECLENSION 37 bination of ,Xê> (he
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DECLENSION 39 97. The preposition :
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DECLENSION 41 pies: «J ^ iS3 (y^^
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DECLENSION 43 109. The Locative Cas
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DECLENSION 45 4jI) (bab-a) 'O fathe
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Singular TABLE OF DECLENSION 47 Nom
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Plural / Nom. ö^p Gen. ^j \j\?^ iS
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ADJECTIVES 51 CHAPTER III ADJECTIVE
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ADJECTIVES 53 Note. The superlative
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Y A< ^« \ < r< \ 0 \ ' 0 < ADJECTI
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ADJECTIVES 57 amples: f^_ (yek-um)
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ADJECTIVES 59 and three quarters o'
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PRONOUNS 61 EXERCISE III Four horse
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Dat. y. 4^ (ba tti) to thee Ace. y'
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PRONOUNS 65 ija CJ» (nan- (i)t dad
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Dat. C>^ 4j (ba khöt) Ace. Cjy- -
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PRONOUNS 69 Voc. ojl (^l (aîawaî)
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PRONOUNS 71 Dat. (_^ "^^ (ba kie) t
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PRONOUNS 7Z Note. The pronunciation
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^ jti (har chi) dA ..", T (tishtek)
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192. VOCABULARY ejl (awa) this j1 (
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VERBS 79 Ö\mJ (tir-san), öyir (ch
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VERBS 81 certain word, and other di
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VERBS 83 201. In the Mongur dialect
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VERBS 85 an emphatic negarive. Exam
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VERBS 87 (5) The perfect tense indi
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VERBS 89 the conjugation of the int
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VERBS 91 Interrogatively, the futur
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Singular ^\^J /y\ (amin tirsa-m) I
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VERBS 95 234. The perfect tense for
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VERBS 97 tive' sense of the subjunc
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VERBS 99 the present subjunctive of
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VERBS 101 258. The 'apodosis', or c
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VERBS 103 4)Ul)U__;:; (birya amin n
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not stand alone and be used adjecti
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VERBS 107 Imperfect Tense Singular
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VERBS 109 would that I came, etc. |
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VERBS 111 274. Conjugation of the I
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40 J I (aii ni-ya) Plural /j»J 4.0
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Singular VERBS 115 Preterite Tense
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Plural VERBS 117 ^yyy 4*1 (ama bû
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VERBS 119 present subjunctive very
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VERBS 121 295. The same conjunction
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VERBS 123 ö\ y. öb^ (awan bi-bii
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VERBS 125 ted, by simply prefixing
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Singular Plural ^ y\ \) (ba amin b-
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VERBS 129 of them do not exist in t
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öy^ 6_yJ" (tewa chûn) to go VERBS
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yl]s (qalshin) to crack, to VERBS 1
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VERBS 135 ojjb (da-war-a) eAo\*b(da
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VERBS 137 j)_(en) to the present st
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C-XiJ- y^ (atii khwend- (i)t) thou
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Singular I) JJL)yc») y (amin bi-m-
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Singular yiy) y^ u (ba amin bi VERB
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Singular C".' 0^' (amin bi-lle-m) I
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VERBS 147 Kurdish, is by adding (^^
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VERBS 149 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Present
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VERBS 151 conjunctions employed wit
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jl (hal-bastin) oi (birdin) to tie
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jJi; \xr (takandin) jjL;ly.'(tfiand
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jaj|__^» (hal-khirandin) to hack u
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jaioC; j3 (ziringandin) to cause to
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jb (kutan) to beat, to flog, to vac
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yy\:> (da-girrin) to attack, to pre
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jJli \l>'3 (wastandin) to cause to
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VERBS 167 ngiien-a) 'cause thou to
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VERBS 169 yJiî^ (heshtin) to leave
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Singular b iyj />^^l»-(hazir-(i)m
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VERBS Infinitive j|^_^\>-(hazir Imp
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if I had been prepared, or if I sho
Page 179 and 180: ö^y ■>^y. öiy ö^y ö>P Cf.J'.
Page 181 and 182: VERBS 179 ö^P v >*" (kharap kirdin
Page 183 and 184: VERBS 181 ö>y TtL^ (sulh kirdin) t
Page 185 and 186: O^py 0^:ê ö>y S3ê ö>P^ (} jip j
Page 187 and 188: VERBS jVi.p 0'*>-j (zahmat keshan)
Page 189 and 190: VERBS 187 (lit. 'there is or exists
Page 191 and 192: y(Ji (da-i-bil) he, she, it was hav
Page 193 and 194: VERBS 191 yy JU (mal-(i)m bû-bû)o
Page 195 and 196: VERBS 193 are jyy o.r yy3-_ and yy.
Page 197 and 198: VERBS 195 prefix { or A . Example:
Page 199 and 200: ADVERBS 197 in the 1st and 3rd pers
Page 201 and 202: j_j^ u (ba baki) or 5 I) J 43. (ba
Page 203 and 204: ijp 4) (la kiie) oy\ (era) oJ (I'er
Page 205 and 206: S33^ S33'^ S33^33> daiiran-daûrai)
Page 207 and 208: 4;;i.j(wakht-a wakht) 3^ jV(i^'" ja
Page 209 and 210: 367. Adverbs of tS' 368. cr?(chi) i
Page 211 and 212: PREPOSITIONS 209 U (ja) ] therefore
Page 213 and 214: S\ (0 of y (sar) ^ (I'sar) PREPOSIT
Page 215 and 216: CONJUNCTIONS 213 jLji (disan) U(nab
Page 217 and 218: (haîf) (^jlj (zhare) olj (wa'h) 4u
Page 219 and 220: FORMATION OF KURDISH WORDS jljlS (g
Page 221 and 222: FORMATION OF KURDISH WORDS 219 chil
Page 223 and 224: KURDISH COMPOUND WÔRDS 221 The fol
Page 225 and 226: KURDISH COMPOUND WORDS 223 j->-jb (
Page 227 and 228: KURDISH COMPOUND WORDS 225 408. Wor
Page 229: KURDISH ORTHOGRAPHY 227 There are a
Page 233 and 234: MISCELLANEOUS 231 f..fi£- (asir) a
Page 235 and 236: C'.-.«(mist) fist iJjiJ (nînûk)
Page 237 and 238: SYNTAX, 235 Interrogative Sentences
Page 239 and 240: SYNTAX. 237 dastî da) 'he dehvered
Page 241 and 242: SYNTAX. 239 In polite conversation
Page 243 and 244: SYNTAX. 241 ernor had caught them';
Page 245 and 246: SYNTAX. 243 Sp^, sp (are hat-i ka g
Page 247 and 248: SYNTAX 245 ^ OJly 4j (ba kurban-(i)
Page 249 and 250: SYNTAX 247 Some Common Kurdish Prov
Page 251 and 252: POETRY, 249 Sy y33> y> ' S3^ (^ ^ S
Page 253 and 254: POETRY 251 wa sohbatani chak ^W t?"
Page 255 and 256: SHORT STORIES 253 iilîjj s%- (J^ ^
Page 257 and 258: SHORT STORIES 255 oy sy y ^ e3iy3j
Page 259 and 260: SHORT STORIES 257 Cy ejiyJ jrJw>- ^
Page 261 and 262: THE GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN^ 250 JlyLJ *
Page 263 and 264: i THE GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN 261 * Ji Q
Page 265 and 266: jl (ail) (1) pers. pron. he, she it
Page 267 and 268: Ll*' O^ (baît-aniya) 3i (bir) yy (
Page 269 and 270: Cjy (jut) pair, couple, twins, yoke
Page 271 and 272: JLi-(khiyal) thought, mind, imagina
Page 273 and 274: jiy 0-"lj (rast kirdin) to make str
Page 275 and 276: y (shar) fight, quarrel, war, battl
Page 277 and 278: '/ 4JL3 (kalima) term, word, (divin
Page 279 and 280: % (malla) priest (Mohammedan). y (m
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0»-j (wakht) VOCABULARY 279 time,
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