Richard SMART<strong>de</strong> establecer un programa <strong>de</strong> fertilización, calibrandometiculosam<strong>en</strong>te la conc<strong>en</strong>tración óptima <strong>de</strong> K <strong>en</strong> r<strong>el</strong>ación con<strong>el</strong> crecimi<strong>en</strong>to, <strong>el</strong> r<strong>en</strong>dimi<strong>en</strong>to y la <strong>calidad</strong> <strong>de</strong>l producto. Esnecesario cuantificar los efectos <strong>de</strong> la aplicación <strong>de</strong> metabsulfitopotásico <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> viñedo y la bo<strong>de</strong>ga sobre los niv<strong>el</strong>es <strong>de</strong> K <strong>en</strong> lauva y <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> <strong>vino</strong>, para <strong>de</strong>terminar si sería necesario utilizar otrosmétodos <strong>de</strong> control <strong>de</strong> las <strong>en</strong>fermeda<strong>de</strong>s y <strong>de</strong> las infeccionesmicrobianas para conseguir los niv<strong>el</strong>es <strong>de</strong> K y la <strong>calidad</strong> <strong>de</strong>l <strong>vino</strong><strong>de</strong>seables.Los estudios para cuantificar los efectos <strong>de</strong>l tiempo <strong>de</strong>maceración <strong>de</strong> los hollejos sobre las tasas <strong>de</strong> extracciónadicional <strong>de</strong> K <strong>de</strong> los hollejos al mosto y <strong>el</strong> <strong>vino</strong>, ayudarán ai<strong>de</strong>ntificar la modificación <strong>de</strong> los métodos <strong>de</strong> vinificación <strong>de</strong> lostintos, que permitirían reducir <strong>el</strong> impacto <strong>de</strong>l K <strong>de</strong> los hollejos.La tabla 2 recoge ejemplos <strong>de</strong> campos r<strong>el</strong>acionados con laacumulación <strong>de</strong> K <strong>en</strong> las uvas respecto a los cuales no sedispone <strong>de</strong> información concluy<strong>en</strong>te.Agra<strong>de</strong>cimi<strong>en</strong>tosAgra<strong>de</strong>cemos a Cathy Kromer y Janet Oriatti su ayuda con <strong>el</strong>manuscrito. Agra<strong>de</strong>cemos al Profesor Paul Krie<strong>de</strong>mann suvaliosa asesoría sobre <strong>el</strong> manuscrito.BibliografíaACHE, P., BECKER, D,. DEEKEN, R., DREYER, I., WEBER, H., FROMM, JAND HEDRICH, R ( 2001) VFKI a Vicia faba K chann<strong>el</strong> involved inphloem unloading. Plant Journal 27, 571-580.ARCHER, E. AND STRAUSS, H.C (1989) Effect of shading on theperformance of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Caberner Sauvignon. SouthAFRICAN JOURNAL FOR ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE 10, 74-77.Arroyo, m,C., García-Escu<strong>de</strong>ro, E., Zaballa, o. and Chavarri, J.B(1997) Variety influ<strong>en</strong>ce in vine (V, vinifera L.) nutricional statusand must and wine potassium cont<strong>en</strong>ts. Acta Horticulturae 448.133-136.BAUER, C.S., HOTH, S., HAGA, K., PHILIPPAR, K., AOKI, N ANDHEDRICH, R. (2000) Differ<strong>en</strong>tial expression and regulation of KTabla 2:Ejemplos <strong>de</strong> campos r<strong>el</strong>acionados con la acumulación <strong>de</strong> K <strong>en</strong> las uvas respecto a los cuales no se dispone <strong>de</strong> información concluy<strong>en</strong>teCampoInformación aus<strong>en</strong>te o poco claraPotasio y <strong>calidad</strong> <strong>de</strong>l <strong>vino</strong>- Cuantificación <strong>de</strong> los efectos <strong>de</strong>l tiempo <strong>de</strong> maceración <strong>de</strong>los hollejos y <strong>de</strong> la conc<strong>en</strong>tración <strong>de</strong> K exist<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> mostosobre las tasas <strong>de</strong> extracción adicional <strong>de</strong> K durante laferm<strong>en</strong>taciónFunciones <strong>de</strong>l K- Funciones precisas <strong>de</strong>l K <strong>en</strong> las uvas y <strong>en</strong> los diversos tejidos<strong>de</strong> la uvaAcumulación <strong>de</strong> K <strong>en</strong> la uva- Límites superior e inferior <strong>de</strong> K necesario para los diversostejidos <strong>de</strong> la uvaü- Tipos y mecanismos moleculares y regulación <strong>de</strong> los canales<strong>de</strong> K+ y <strong>de</strong> transportadores <strong>de</strong> K+ implicados <strong>en</strong> laacumulación <strong>de</strong> K <strong>en</strong> las uvasü- Cuantificación y mecanismos <strong>de</strong> control <strong>de</strong> laconc<strong>en</strong>tración <strong>de</strong> K y v<strong>el</strong>ocidad <strong>de</strong> flujo <strong>de</strong> la savia <strong>de</strong> xilemay floema <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> racimoFactores que afectan a la acumulación <strong>de</strong> K <strong>en</strong> las uvas- R<strong>el</strong>ación <strong>en</strong>tre K <strong>de</strong>l su<strong>el</strong>o, K <strong>en</strong> los pecíolos y K <strong>en</strong> las uvas- Mecanismos <strong>de</strong> control <strong>de</strong> las influ<strong>en</strong>cias <strong>de</strong> losportainjertos <strong>en</strong> la acumulación <strong>de</strong> K <strong>en</strong> los injertosüAcumulación <strong>de</strong> K <strong>en</strong> la uva <strong>en</strong> respuesta a la carga <strong>de</strong>cosecha. Adición <strong>de</strong> nutri<strong>en</strong>tes potásicos- Impacto <strong>de</strong> la aplicación <strong>de</strong> metabisulfito potásico (<strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong>viñedo y <strong>en</strong> bo<strong>de</strong>ga) sobre los niv<strong>el</strong>es <strong>de</strong> K <strong>en</strong> la uva, <strong>el</strong>mosto y <strong>el</strong> <strong>vino</strong>.39Fundación para la Cultura <strong>de</strong>l Vino<strong>Informe</strong> TécnicoGestión <strong>de</strong> <strong>pH</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> <strong>vino</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>calidad</strong>39
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Annals of Botany 41, 707-714.CHOW, W.S., BALL, M.C. AND ANDERSON, J.M. (1990) Growth andphotosynthetic responses of spinach to salinity: Implications of Knutrition for salt tolerance. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology17, 563-578.CHRISTENSEN, P. (1984) Nutri<strong>en</strong>t lev<strong>el</strong>s comparisons of leafpetioles and bla<strong>de</strong>s in tw<strong>en</strong>ty-six grape cultivars over three years(1979 through 1981). American Journal of Enology and Viticulture35, 124-133.CONRADIE, W.J. (1981) Seasonal uptake of nutri<strong>en</strong>ts by Ch<strong>en</strong>inblanc in sand culture: II. phosphorus, potassium, calcium andmagnesium. South African Journal for Enology and viticulture 2.7-13.CONSIDINE, J.A. AND BROWN, K. (1981) Physical aspects of fruitgrowth. Plant Physiology 68, 371-376.CONSIDINE, J.A. 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American Journal ofEnology and Viticulture 38, 120-127.COOMBE, B.G. (2001) Rip<strong>en</strong>ing berries - a critical issue. AustralianViticulture 5, 28-33.COOMBE, B.G. AND PHILLIPS, P.E (1982)'Dev<strong>el</strong>opm<strong>en</strong>t of the grapeberry III. Compositional changes during veraison measured bysequ<strong>en</strong>tial hypo<strong>de</strong>rmic sampling' (University of California (Davis)Grape and Wine C<strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>nial Symposium: Davis, California) pp. 132-136.COSGROVE, D.J. (1987) Wall r<strong>el</strong>axation and the driving forces forc<strong>el</strong>l expansive growth. Plant Physiology 84. 561-564.COSTANTINI, E.A.C., CHERUBINI, P.G.A., CAMPOSTRINI, F. ANDPIERUCCI, P.S.M. (1996) Soil and climate functional characters forgrape rip<strong>en</strong>ing and wine quality of 'Vino Nobile di Montepulciano'.Acta Horticulturae no. 427, 45-55.CREASY, G.L, PRICE, S.F. AND LOMBARD, PG. (1993) Evi<strong>de</strong>nce forxytem discontinuity in Pinot noir and Merlot grapes: dye uptakeand mineral composition during berry maturation. AmericanJournal of Enology and Viticulture 44, 187-192.CRIPPEN, D.D. AND MORRISON, J.C. (1986) The effects of sunexposure on the compositional <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>opm<strong>en</strong>t of CabernetSauvignon berries. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,37, 235-242.CZEMPINSKI, K., GAEDEKE, N., ZIMMERMAN, S. AND MULLER-ROBER, B. (1999) Molecular mechanisms and regulation of plant ionchann<strong>el</strong>s. Journal of Experim<strong>en</strong>tal Botany 50, 955-966.DAVIES, W, AND ZHANG, J. (1991) Root signals and the regulationof growth and the <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>opm<strong>en</strong>t of plants in drying soil. AnnualReview of Plant Molecular Biology 42, 55-76.DE BOER, A.H. (1999) Potassium translocation into the root system.Plant Biology 1, 36-45.DOKOOZLIAN, N. AND KLIEWER, M,W. 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(1978) Compositional changesduring grape berry <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>opm<strong>en</strong>t in r<strong>el</strong>ation to abscisic acid andsalinity. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 5, 415-423.DREW, M.C. AND SAKER, L.R. (1984) Uptake and log-distance40Fundación para la Cultura <strong>de</strong>l Vino<strong>Informe</strong> TécnicoGestión <strong>de</strong> <strong>pH</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> <strong>vino</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>calidad</strong>40