Cork insulation; a complete illustrated textbook on cork insulation ...

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CHAPTER VIII. MEASUREMENT OF HEAT, CHANGE OF STATE, HUMIDITY. 42.—First Law of Thermodynamics.—When a given substance is heated by the dissipation of energy there is a definite relation between the amount of work done and the thermal effect produced, and consequently heat may be measured in units of mechanical work. 43.—Methods of Heat Measurement.—An amount of heat required to produce a given thermal effect can be measured by the direct determination of the amount of work required to produce a like eft'ect, but this direct method of heat measurement is not easy of accomplishment due in part to the difficulty of applying mechanical work wholly to the heating of a given substance. The work spent in a given portion of an electric circuit, however, can be measured with great accuracy and such work can be readily employed to produce any given thermal effect. Another method of measuring heat employs the relation between the amount of work dissipated in heating water and the rise of temperature thus produced. This method is practical, even though the energy-values are given indirectly, because the procedure may be carried out with accuracy. The melting of ice, and the vaporization of water, are also fre- quently employed in the measurement of heat, since the heat (work) necessary to melt a given quantity of ice or to con- vert a given quantity of water into steam are known quantities by determination. 44.—Units of Heat.—The work required to heat a given quantity of water has been shown to be approximately pro- portional to the rise of temperature, and for most purposes this proportion is sufficiently exact. Consequently, the amount 82
MEASUREMENT OF HEAT AND HUMIDITY 83 of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Centigrade has been adopted by physicists as a practical unit of heat and is known as the calorie. (The standard caloric is the amount of heat required to raise one gram of water from 14.5° C. to 15.5° C. hydrogen thermometer, and is ecjuivalent to 4.189 joules*. Engineers have fixed upon the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of zvatcr one degree Fahrenheit as a practical unit of heat, called the British thermal unit (B.t.u.), and which is equivalent to approximately 778 foot-pounds.) 45.—Thermal Capacity of a Substance.—The number of thermal units (units of work) or the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a body through one degree is the thermal capacity of that body at that temperature; thermal capacity varies slightly with temperature, but for many purposes is assumed to be constant. The thermal capacities of equal masses of different substances differ widely, being the product of specific heat and mass. 46.—Specific Heat.— Substances in general have each a definite specific heat, which may be defined as the increase in heat content of a unit mass of the substance per degree increase in temperature; or, the number of thermal units (units of work) necessary to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance through one degree, at any temperature, is its specific heat at that temperature. Since the Standard thermal unit (calorie) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14.5° C. to 15.5° C, then specific heat may be expressed as the ratio of the amount of heat required to raise a given weight of the substance from •14.5° C. to 15.5° C, to that required to raise an equal weight of water through the same temperature range. By ignoring •the variation in the specific heat of a substance at different temperatures and by taking one gram as the unit of weight and 1° C. as the rise of temperature, the definition becomes: Heat units required to raise one gram of substance 1° C. Specific Heat = Heat units required to raise one gram of water 1° C. Taking the calorie as the heat unit, the denominator becomes •Edward L. Nichols and Wm. S. Franklin, 1904, "The Elements of Physics,"The MacMillan Co., New York, N. Y.
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^oofe^a- 1842.4 This book may be ke
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Cork Insulation A
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To the Memory of JAMES EDWARD QUIGL
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tion of cork to other and more remo
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER VI.
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X TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XIII. C
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xii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XVIII
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2 CORK INSULATION floats for nets,
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CORK INSULATION vfany attem])ts lia
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6 CORK INSULATION •^ 4.—Home of
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8 CORK INSULATION and fifty feet an
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CHAPTER II. CORK STRIPPING. 6.—Re
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12 CORK INSULATION the cork oak tre
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14 CORK INSULATION seasoning prelim
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CHAPTER III. USES OF CORKWOOD AND U
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S CORK INSULATION 12.—Importance
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20 CORK INSULATION usually scraped,
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22 CORK INSULATION ful utilization
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24 CORK INSULATION from capillarity
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26 CORK INSULATION in place and spi
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28 CORK INSULATION for cold storage
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30 CORK INSULATION very substantial
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Page 54 and 55: 38 CORK INSULATION Paragraph 340.
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Page 64 and 65: IMPORTS INTO UNITED STATES CORK INS
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Page 74 and 75: 58 CORK INSULATION IMPORTS ENTERED
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Page 88 and 89: 72 CORK INSULATION crease by its be
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Page 94 and 95: 78 CORK INSULATION ordinary pressur
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Page 102 and 103: 86 CORK INSULATION The heat of fusi
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Page 108 and 109: 92 CORK INSULATION of such air at t
Page 110 and 111: 94 CORK INSULATION RELATIVE HUMIDIT
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Page 116 and 117: 100 CORK INSULATION INTERNAL THERMA
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Page 120 and 121: 104 CORK INSULATION lose by radiati
Page 122 and 123: 106 CORK INSULATION age wall <stron
Page 124 and 125: 108 CORK INSULATION It will be seen
Page 126 and 127: 110 CORK INSULATION H=K A (.U—U)
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Page 130 and 131: 114 CORK INSULATION convection, and
Page 132 and 133: 116 CORK INSULATION metal boxes wit
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Page 138 and 139: 122 CORK INSULATION 79.—Tests by
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Page 142 and 143: 126 CORK INSULATION In addition to
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132 CORK INSULATION j;aii 03 O .O 2
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134 CORK INSULATION
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136 CORK INSULATION
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138 CORK INSULATION
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140 CORK INSULATION
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142 CORK INSULATION
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144 CORK INSULATION
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146 CORK INSULATION
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148 CORK INSULATION
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ISO CORK INSULATION ^ I CO « O :s
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152 CORK INSULATION
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154 CORK INSULATION
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156 CORK INSULATION o ffi K K a ,=5
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158 CORK INSULATION
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160 CORK INSULATION o ^ J W to
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162 CORK INSULATION
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164 CORK INSULATION
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166 CORK INSULATION Section XI of *
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168 CORK INSULATION capillarity, el
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170 CORK INSULATION conceivable min
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172 CORK INSULATION test consists o
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174 CORK INSULATION 85.—Convenien
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176 CORK INSULATION basement except
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CHAPTER XII. PROPER THICKNESS OF CO
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ISO CORK INSULATION i ness that wil
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182 CORK INSULATION that a small ch
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184 CORK INSULATION 91.—Proper Th
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186 CORK INSULATION license alone i
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188 CORK INSULATION In new structur
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190 CORK INSULATION ure, in closed-
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192 CORK INSULATION corner of the r
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194 CORK INSULATION should be rever
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196 CORK INSULATION cold storage ro
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198 CORK INSULATION In the early da
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200 CORK INSULATION Until comparati
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202 CORK INSULATION overcome obstac
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204 CORK INSULATION introducing pur
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206 CORK INSULATION Pure air is dif
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208 CORK INSULATION ing capacity. I
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210 CORK INSULATION A hard, repress
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212 CORK INSULATION storage room is
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216 CORK INSULATION joists of such
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218 CORK INSULATION and delicately
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220 CORK INSULATION slight variatio
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222 CORK INSULATION filler and then
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224 CORK INSULATION ating less heat
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226 CORK INSULATION The first petro
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228 CORK INSULATION to be used in a
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230 CORK INSULATION Flash Point is
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232 CORK INSULATION A suitable Asph
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234 CORK INSULATION enveloping memb
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236 CORK INSULATION fying agent, on
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238 CORK INSULATION at 105° C. The
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CHAPTER XIII. COMPLETE SPECIFICATIO
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242 CORK INSULATION 116.—Finish.
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244 CORK INSULATION a second layer
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246 CORK INSULATION one layer of ..
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248 CORK INSULATION CE/LING :-)::):
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250 CORK INSULATION into which cork
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252 CORK INSULATION 106.—Ceilings
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254 CORK INSULATION insulated, one
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256 CORK INSULATION compounds.* The
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258 CORK INSULATION to all joints i
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260 CORK INSULATION »
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262 CORK INSULATION 110.—Floors.
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264 CORK INSULATION the size of the
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266 CORK INSULATION Asphalt cement.
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268 CORK INSULATION shall then be e
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270 CORK INSULATION To the reasonab
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272 CORK INSULATION butted tight, a
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274 CORK INSULATION mixed one part
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276 CORK INSULATION consisting of .
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278 CORK INSULATION of . . .-inch p
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280 CORK INSULATION sand* for each
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282 CORK INSULATION To prepare Asph
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284 CORK INSULATION must be applied
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286 CORK INSULATION plied, and the
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288 CORK INSULATION 122.—Second L
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290 CORK INSULATION 124.—First La
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292 CORK INSULATION that the forms
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294 CORK INSULATION and all joints
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296 CORK INSULATION Break all joint
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298 CORK INSULATION board uncoated
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300 CORK INSULATION area (one face
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302 CORK INSULATION [ storage doors
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3(X CORK INSULATION surface*, and t
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506 CORK INSULATION floor, on a lev
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308 CORK INSULATION See that the fi
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310 CORK INSULATION line of the fla
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312 CORK INSULATION corkboards are
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314 CORK INSULATION mixed product*,
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316 CORK INSULATION floors and baff
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318 CORK INSULATION History also sh
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320 CORK INSULATION into natural ic
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322 CORK INSULATION them from freez
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324 CORK INSULATION smaller establi
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326 CORK INSULATION on the "Mechani
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328 CORK INSULATION the four walls
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330 CORK INSULATION load on the ref
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CHAPTER XVI. DEVELOPMENT OF THE COR
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334 CORK INSULATION "root house," t
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336 CORK INSULATION of the surround
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338 CORK INSULATION to a new positi
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340 CORK INSULATION natives who inh
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342 CORK INSULATION Nevertheless, t
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344 CORK INSULATION to the
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346 CORK INSULATION quickly form a
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348 CORK INSULATION come within the
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350 CORK INSULATION water, and the
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352 CORK INSULATION success, and su
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354 CORK INSULATION ^r T"T M // lC
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356 CORK INSULATION interlinings of
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358 CORK INSULATION Handles and Cor
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360 CORK INSULATION models, for ice
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362 CORK INSULATION Doors.—Door f
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364 CORK INSULATION triple nickel-p
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366 CORK INSULATION JEWETT SOLID PO
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368 CORK INSULATION of the opposite
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370 CORK INSULATION , waterproof co
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372 CORK INSULATION
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374 CORK INSULATION Top Iccr.—The
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376 CORK INSULATION COPELAND "DEPEN
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: 378 CORK INSULATION hours before
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380 CORK INSULATION j Household ref
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382 CORK INSULATION at the daily ex
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384 CORK INSULATION purposes and a
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CHAPTER XVII. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CO
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388 CORK INSULATION and practices p
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390 CORK INSULATION cream manufactu
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392 CORK INSULATION the ins
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394 CORK INSULATION heavily galvani
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396 CORK INSULATION dumping of the
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398 CORK INSULATION The Machine.—
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400 CORK INSULATION loss of efficie
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402 CORK INSULATION (b) Control of
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404 CORK INSULATION Modern Mechanic
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406 CORK INSULATION
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408 CORK INSULATION oning millions
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41C CORK INSULATION ing for the top
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412 CORK INSULATION Adjusliiii) Pla
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414 CORK INSULATION exactly in fron
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416 CORK INSULATION These compresso
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418 CORK INSULATION made to take si
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420 CORK INSULATION additional char
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422 CORK INSULATION The bottom lini
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424 CORK INSULATION Covers for Juni
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426 CORK INSULATION subject of inve
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428 CORK INSULATION lading next to
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430 CORK INSULATION warmest and the
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432 CORK INSULATION CHART IV The we
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434 CORK INSULATION That precooling
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436 CORK INSULATION Mr. President,
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438 CORK INSULATION the elimination
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440 CORK INSULATION Now let me proc
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442 CORK INSULATION of the eggs on
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444 CORK INSULATION It may be said
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446 CORK INSULATION occur. Salting
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448 CORK INSULATION the two inches
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450 CORK INSULATION ables as anythi
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452 CORK INSULATION We are continui
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454 CORK INSULATION Our object was
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456 CORK INSULATION As air circulat
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458 CORK INSULATION ers and cross s
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460 CORK INSULATION States standard
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462 CORK INSULATION temperature and
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464 CORK INSULATION CORK PAINT.* Fo
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466 CORK INSULATION strengthening c
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468 CORK INSULATION only 0.38; that
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470 CORK INSULATION
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472 CORK INSULATION possible throug
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474 CORK INSULATION ing and heating
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476 CORK INSULATION that for each o
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478 CORK INSULATION case of other g
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480 CORK INSULATION because it will
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482 CORK INSULATION ECONOMY OF GASO
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484 CORK INSULATION That this amoun
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486 CORK INSULATION form on walls a
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488 CORK INSULATION Practically all
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490 CORK INSULATION for the pebbles
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492 CORK INSULATION nailed to three
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494 CORK INSULATION QUANTITIES OF C
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496 CORK INSULATION EXAMPLE OF PURC
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498 CORK INSULATION Portland cement
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500 CORK INSULATION FREIGHT CLASSIF
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502 CORK INSULATION CORK PIPE COVER
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504 CORK INSULATION to give a bette
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506 CORK INSULATION 3. Ice Water Th
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508 CORK INSULATION brought tightly
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510 CORK INSULATION A GOOD DRINK OF
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512 CORK INSULATION The Cost and th
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514 CORK INSULATION cause the agree
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516 CORK INSULATION Legality— In
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518 CORK INSULATION In general, unl
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520 CORK INSULATION the work should
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522 CORK INSULATION (1) Page $8, pa
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524 CORK INSULATION Brooks ice crea
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526 Page Depreciation in efficiency
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528 CORK INSULATION test of asphalt
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530 CORK INSULATION ice, formation
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532 Page Sealed air cells 169 Seali
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534 CORK INSULATION Page of heat by
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GOOD BOOKS YOU SHOULD HAVE These ar
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DATE DUE
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