ORIENTAL SERIES.

326 UPANISHADS UPA-VEDAS.
text of the Veda, and so they enter into such abstruse questions
as the orgin of the universe, the nature of the deity, the nature
of soul, and the connection of mind and matter. Thus they con-
tain the beginnings of that metaphysical inquiry which ended
in the full development of Hindu philosophy. The Upanishads
have " one remarkable peculiarity, the total absence of any
Brahmanical exclusiveness in their doctrine. They are evidently
later than the older Sanhitas and Brahmaftas, but they breathe
an entirely different spirit, a freedom of thought unknown in
any earlier work except the .Rig-veda hymns themselves. The
great teachers of the higher knowledge and Brahmans are continually
represented as going to Kshatriya kings to become their
pupils." Professor Cowell. The .Rig-veda has the Upanishad
called Aitareya attached to the Aitareya Brahmana. The
Taittiriya Sanhita of the Yajur has an Upanishad of the same
name. The Yajasaneyi Sanhita has the Isa, and attached to
the Satapatha Brahmana it has the Bnhad Ara?iyaka, which is
the most important of them. The Sama-veda has the Kena and
Chhandogya. All these have been translated into English. The
Atharva-veda has the Ka&a, Prasna, Murzdaka, Mandukya, and
others, altogether fifty-two in number. These are the most important
of the Upanishads. Many of the Upanishads have been
printed, and several of them translated in the Bibliotkeca Indica,
and by Poley.
There is a catalogue by Muller in the Zeitschrift
des D. M. &. ,
voL xix
UPAPLAVYA. Matsya, the capital of the king of Virafo.
UPA-PURAJVAS. Secondary or subordinate Puranas. See
Parana.
UPAKICHABA A Vasu or demigod, who, according to the
Maha-bharata, became king of Chedi by command of Indra, He
had five sons by his wife ; and by an Apsaras, named Adrika,
condemned to live on earth in the form of a fish, he had a son
named Matsya (fish), and a daughter, Satya-vati, who was the
mother of Yyasa.
UPA$RUTL A supernatural voice which is heard at night
revealing the secrets of the future.
UPASUNDA. A Daitya, son of Nisunda, brother of Sunda,
and father of Muka. See Sunda.
UPA-VEDAS, Subordinate or inferior Yedas. These are
sciences which have no connection whatever with the Srati 01