part 1: overview of cogeneration and its status in asia - Fire

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166 Part3: Summary of country studies – Bangladesh and Viet Nam 4.3 Pre-feasibility Studies at Selected Industrial and Commercial Sites For the purpose of economic analysis, the total installed costs of the cogeneration plants were assumed as follows: steam turbines - US$ 1,200/kWe; gas turbines - US$ 1,000/kWe; and reciprocating engines - US$ 900/kWe. Some common financial data gathered or assumed before conducting the pre-feasibility studies are summarized in Table 4.2. Table 4.2 Financial data used for the pre-feasibility study Parameters Unit Value Exchange rate VND/US$ 14,000 Tax rate Per cent/year 5 Discount rate Per cent/year 15 Hurdle rate per cent/year 17 Cogeneration plant service life Year 15 Electricity purchase price VND/kWh EVN tariff Electricity buy-back rate per cent of purchase price Up to 70 Fuel price escalation rate per cent/year 5 Electricity price escalation rate per cent/year 5 Fuel purchase price - natural gas - heavy fuel oil - diesel - coal VND/m 3 VND/kg VND/litre VND/ton 1,430 1,800 3,580 280,000 The fuel prices used are those based on the prices prevailing in the domestic market at present. Coal and natural gas prices are taken from EVN’s bidding documents. The purchase price of electricity is the tariff applied to Vietnamese industries. Based on information from Power Company 2, the buy-back rate is generally taken as 450 VND/kWh. The purchase price has to be negotiated between the cogenerators and Power Companies; in any case, buy-back rate will not be higher than 70 per cent of the selling price. The actual working period for the pre-feasibility study is considered as 306 days/year. Except for the case of the paper mill “E”, the boiler pressure of 40 Bar is chosen for steam turbine alternatives. In paper mill “E”, the existing boiler pressure is 74 Bar, which is used to assess the viability of the steam turbine alternative. 4.3.1 Textile mill “A” This is one of the largest textile mills in Viet Nam. It was put into operation in 1959. The company has an average production of 12 million meters of fabric per annum. With 3,350 employees, the company is contributing effectively to the unemployed reduction of the city. Electricity is used for machines, lighting and air conditioning. The company has a centrifugal chiller of 200 kW, which has been out of order. In the analysis, it is assumed that the company has a process cooling demand equivalent of 200 kWe. So far, the factory does not have any record of steam consumption due to lack of measuring equipment. The steam consumption is estimated from the fuel oil consumption in the boiler.
Summary of country study – Viet Nam Figures derived from the analysis of the electricity and fuel bills are summarized below: • Total Electricity Consumption (8/97 to 7/98): 33,157.00 MWh • Maximum Electricity Demand: 6.50 MW • Minimum Electricity Demand: 4.30 MW • Total Fuel Consumption (8/97 to 7/98): 4.22 million litres • Maximum Steam Demand: 13.81 ton/hr • Minimum Steam Demand: 8.91 ton/hr Assuming the cooling was provided by a vapour absorption chiller, the average power-to-heat ratios would be 0.65. Typical cogeneration system for this site would be based on gas turbine. However, reciprocating engine, steam turbine cogeneration systems were also considered as potential alternatives. Altogether five alternatives are analyzed and the results of the feasibility study are summarized in Table 4.3. Table 4.3 Summary of pre-feasibility study of the textile mill “A” Cogeneration Alternatives ALT.1 ALT.2 ALT.3 ALT.4 ALT.5 Configuration S.T. R.E. G.T. Chiller (200 kW Comp. Absorption Fuel type H.F.O. N.G. Fuel price (VND) 1,800/kg 37,100/GJ Electricity purchase price (VND/kWh) 800 Buy-back rate (as % of purchase price) 56 Electricity price escalation rate (%/year) 5 Number of actual working hours per year 7.344 Heat generating capacity (kg/h) 9,058 10,820 3,370 10,820 8,459 Power generating capacity (kW) 776 895 4,247 5,381 4,247 Electricity consumption (MWh/year 33,158 29,348 Thermal energy requirement (TJ/year) 173 208 Excess (+)/Deficit(-) heat (TJ/year) 0 -143 0 -45 Excess(+)/Deficit(-) power(MWh/year) -27,745 -23,101 0 8,192 0 IRR (%) 19.9 19.9 26.4 24.2 27.6 Total installation cost (million VND) 12,377 14,359 50,210 60,887 50,211 Net present value (million VND) 3,677 4,223 35,673 33,985 39,373 Pay back period (year) 10 10 7 8 6 Note: S.T.: Steam Turbine; R.E.: Reciprocating Engine; G.T.: Gas Turbine The first two alternatives could satisfy the steam demand of the factory. Their IRR is higher than the hurdle rate and their total investment are the lowest among considered alternatives. However, the company would have to purchase most of its electricity needs from the utility grid. The alternatives 3, with reciprocating engine configuration, can be considered as the best option as it gives a favourable IRR. However, the investment cost is very high in comparison with the first two alternatives. 167
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PART 1: OVERVIEW OF COGENERATION AN
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4 Part I: Overview of cogeneration
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State of art review of cogeneration
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Policy framework for promoting coge
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Cogeneration in Asia today 49 1.1 I
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Cogeneration in Asia today 51 4,000
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Cogeneration in Asia today 53 1.3 T
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Cogeneration in Asia today 55 1.3.3
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Cogeneration in Asia today 61 1.7 R
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Cogeneration in Asia today 63 Every
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Cogeneration in Asia today 65 Cogen
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68 Part II: Cogeneration experience
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Cogeneration experiences around the
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PART 3: SUMMARY OF COUNTRY STUDIES
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Sample case study in a pulp and pap
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