part 1: overview of cogeneration and its status in asia - Fire

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State of art review of cogeneration 27 Four types of emission control devices widely used in boiler systems are electrostatic precipitation, fabric filters, multi-tube cyclones and wet scrubbers. Chemical agents such as lime, magnesium oxide, etc., are used for flue gas desulphurization. Commonly used techniques employed for NOx emission abatement in steam turbine cycles include low NOx burners, selective catalytic reduction, flue gas recirculation, ammonia injection, etc.
Economic and financial aspects of cogeneration 27 CHAPTER 3: ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF COGENERATION 3.1 Introduction Cogeneration is a proven technology that saves fuel resources, but it does not necessarily imply any assurance of economic benefits. Irrespective of all its technical merits, the adoption of cogeneration would principally depend on its economic viability, which is very much site-specific. The equipment used in cogeneration projects and their costs are fairly standard, but the same cannot be said about the financial environment that varies considerably from one site and/or country to another. The best way to assess the attractiveness of a cogeneration project is to conduct a detailed financial analysis and compare the returns with the market rates for investments in projects presenting similar risks. Well-conceived cogeneration facilities should incorporate technical and economic features that can be optimized to meet both heat and power demands of a specific site. A comprehensive knowledge of the various energy requirements as well as characteristics of the cogeneration plant is essential to derive an optimal solution. As a first step, the compatibility of the existing thermal system with the proposed cogeneration facility should be determined. Important user characteristics which need to be considered include electrical and thermal energy demand profiles, prevalent costs of conventional utilities (fossil fuels, electricity) and physical constraints of the site. A factor that should not be overlooked at this stage is the need for reliable energy supply as some industrial processes and commercial sites are extremely sensitive to any disruption of energy supply that may lead to production losses. To fully exploit the cogeneration installation throughout the year, potential candidates for cogeneration should have the following characteristics: a. adequate thermal energy needs, matching with the electrical demand; b. reasonably high electrical load factor and/or annual operating hours; c. fairly constant and matching electrical and thermal energy demand profiles. These are essential for full exploitation of the cogeneration installation; moreover, part-load operation of the plant can be avoided, which would otherwise have affected the economic viability of the project. 3.2 Some Points to Consider for Cogeneration Project Development Cogeneration project is the same as any other commercial project requiring high investment, relatively longer period, and presenting certain financial risks. Therefore the steps which should be followed in developing a cogeneration facility would be quite the same as those employed for any investment project (see Figure 3.1). Projects will obviously vary from one to another on the basis of factors such as who is the project developer, what is the size of the project, who is financing the project, etc. Prior to undertaking any economic analysis to assist the commercial benefit of a cogeneration project, technical parameters which need to be considered first have been discussed in Chapter 1 and are summarized below:
Page 1: PART 1: OVERVIEW OF COGENERATION AN
Page 4 and 5: 4 Part I: Overview of cogeneration
Page 12 and 13: State of art review of cogeneration
Page 36 and 37: Policy framework for promoting coge
Page 46 and 47: Cogeneration in Asia today 49 1.1 I
Page 48 and 49: Cogeneration in Asia today 51 4,000
Page 50 and 51: Cogeneration in Asia today 53 1.3 T
Page 52 and 53: Cogeneration in Asia today 55 1.3.3
Page 58 and 59: Cogeneration in Asia today 61 1.7 R
Page 60 and 61: Cogeneration in Asia today 63 Every
Page 62 and 63: Cogeneration in Asia today 65 Cogen
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Cogeneration experiences around the
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PART 3: SUMMARY OF COUNTRY STUDIES
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Summary of country study - Banglade
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Summary of country study - Viet Nam
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